CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS - TEKST

A description of the north coast, beyond which is located the Hyperborean ocean: Boreum promontory 11*00 61°00 Vennicnium promontory 12*50 61°20 mouth of the Vidua river 13*00 61°00 mouth of the Argita river 14*30 61°30 Rhobogdium promontory 16*20 61°30 The Vennicni inhabit the west coast; next to them and toward the east are the Rhobogdi A description of the west side, which borders on the Western ocean from the Boreum promontory which is in 11*00 61°00 mouth of the Ravius river 11*20 60°40 Magnata city 11*15 60°15 mouth of the Libnius river 10*30 60°00 mouth of the Ausoba river 10*30 59°30 mouth of the Senus river 9*30 59°30 mouth of the Duris river 9*40 58°40 mouth of the Iernus river 8*00 58°00 Southern promontory 7*40 57°45a1 The Erdini inhabit the coast next to the Vennicni, and between these are the Magnatae; then the Autini; and the Gangani; below whom are the Vellabori. Description of the south coast, which adjoins the Vergionius ocean, from the southern promontory which is in 7*40 57°40a2 mouth of the Dabrona river 11*15 57°00 mouth of the Birgus river 12*30 57°30 Sacrum promontory 14*00 57°50 A description of the east side touching the ocean which is called Hibernian, beginning at the Sacrum promontory which is in 14*00 57°50 mouth of the Modonnus river 13*40 58°40 Manapia town 13*30 58°40 mouth of the Oboca river 13*10 59°00 Eblana town 14*00 59°30 mouth of the Bubindas river 14*40 59°40 Isamnium promontory 15*00 60°00 mouth of the Vinderis river 15*00 60°15 mouth of the Logia river 15*20 60°40   Next to this is the Robogdium promontory. On the side next to the Robogdi dwell the Darini, below whom are the Volunti; then the Eblani; then the Cauci; below whom are the Manapi; then the Coriondi who dwell above the Brigantes.   The following are the inland towns:   Regia 13*00 60°20 Rhaeba 12*00 59°45 Laberus 13*00 59°15b Macolicum 11*30 58°40 another Regia 11*00 59°15 Dunum 12*30 58°45 Hibernis 11*00 58°10 Above Hibernia are the Ebuda islands five in number, the largest of which toward the west is called Ebuda 15*00 62°00 Next to this toward the east likewise is Ebuda island 15*40 62°00 then Rhicina 17*00 62°00 then Malaeus 17*30 62°30 then Epidium 18*30 62°00 Toward the east of Hibernia are these islands: Monaoeda island 17*40 61°30 Mona island 15*00 57°40 Adru which is barren 15*00 59°30 Limnu which is barren 15*00 59°00 A description of the northern coast, above which is the Duecaledonius ocean. Novantarum peninsula, and promontory of the same name 21*00 61°40 Rerigonius bay 20*30 60°50 Vindogara bay 21*20 60°30 Clota estuary 22*15 59°20 Lemannonius bay 24*00 60°00 Epidium promontory 23*00 60°40 mouth of the Longus river 24*30 60°40 mouth of the Itis river 27*00 60°40 Volas bay 29*00 60°30 mouth of the Navarus river 30*00 60°30 Tarvedum or Orcas promontory 31*20 60°15 Description of the west a side which borders on the Hibernian ocean and the Vergionius ocean. From the Novantian promontory 21*00 61°40 mouth of the Abravannus river 19*20 61°00 Iena estuary 19*00 60°30 mouth of the Devas river 18*00 60°00 mouth of the Novius river 18*20 59°30 Ituna estuary 18*30 58°45 Moricambe estuary 17*30 58°20 Setantiorum harbor b 17*20 57°45 Belisama estuary 17*30 57°20 Seteia estuary 17*00 57°00 Caeanganorum promontory 15*00 57°00 c mouth of the Toesobis river 15*40 56°20 mouth of the Stuccia river 15*20 55°30 mouth of the Tuerobis river 15*00 55°00 Octapitarum promontory 14*20 54°30 mouth of the Tobius river 15*30 54°30 mouth of the Ratostabius river 16*30 54°30 Sabrina estuary 17*20 54°30 Uxella estuary 16*00 53°30 Herculis promontory 14*00 52°45 Antivestaeum or Bolerium promontory 11*30 52°30 Damnonium or Ocrium promontory 12*00 51°30 Description of the south side below which is the Britannic ocean. After the Ocrium promontory is the mouth of the Cenio river 14*51 d 51°45 mouth of the Tamarus river 15*40 52°10 mouth of the Iscas river 17*40 52°20 mouth of the Alaunus river 17*40 52°40 Magnus Portus 19*00 53°00 mouth of the Trisantonis river 20*20 53°00 New harbor 21*00 53°30 Cantium promontory 22*00 54°00 A description of the eastern and the southern side next to which is the Germanic ocean. After the Tarvedum promontory, or Orcades, by which it is known, Virvedrum promontory 31*00 60°00 Verubium promontory 30*30 59°40 mouth of the Ila river 30*00 59°40 a high shore 29*00 59°40 Varar estuary 28*00 e 59°40 mouth of the Loxa river 27*30 59°40 Tuesis estuary 27*00 59°00 mouth of the Caelis river 27*00 58°45 Taezalon promontory 27*30 58°30 mouth of the Deva river 26*00 58°30 mouth of the Tina river 24*00 58°30 Boderia estuary 22*30 59°00 mouth of the Alaunus river 21*20 58°30 mouth of the Vedra river 20*10 58°30 Dunum bay 20*15 57°30 Gabrantuicorum bay with many harbors 21*00 57°00 Ocelus promontory 21*15 56°40 mouth of the Abi river 21*00 56°30 Metaris estuary 20*30 55°40 mouth of the Gariennus river 20*50 55°40 A promontory 21*15 55°05 mouth of the Sidumanis river 20*10 55°00 Tamesa estuary 20*30 54°30 Next to this the Cantium promontory 22*00 54°00 The Novantae dwell on the side toward the north below the peninsula of this name, among whom are the following towns: Locopibia 19*00 60°20 Rerigonium 20*10 60°40 Below are the Selgovae, among whom are the following towns: Carbantorigum 19*00 59°30 Uxellum 18*30 59°20 Corda 20*00 59°40 Trimontium 19*00 59°00 From these toward the east, but more northerly, are the Damnoni, among whom are the following towns: Colanica 20*45 59°10 Vindogara 21*20 60°00 Coria 21*30 59°20 Alauna 22*45 59°50 Lindum 23*00 59°30 Victoria 23*30 59°00 Further south are the Otalini, among whom are the following towns: Coria 20*10 59°00 Alauna 23*00 58°40 Bremenium 21*00 58°45 Next to the Damnoni, but more toward the east near the Epidium promontory are the Epidi and next to these the Cerones; then the Carnonacae, and the Caereni but more toward the east; and in the extreme east dwell the Cornavi; from the Lemannonis bay as far as the Varar estuary are the Caledoni, and above these is the Caledonian forest, from which toward the east are the Decantae, and next to these the Lugi extending to the Cornavi boundary, and above the Lugi are the Smertae; below Caledonia are the Vacomagi, among whom are the following towns: Bannatia 24*00 59°30 Tamia 25*00 59°20 Pinnata camp 27*15 59°20 Tuesis 26*45 59°10 Below these toward the west are the Venicones, whose town is Orrea 24*00 58°45 More toward the east are the Taezali and the town Devana 26*00 59°00 Below the Selgovae and Otalini f are the Brigantes extending to both seas, among whom are the following towns: Epiacum 18*30 58°30 Vinovium 17*45 58°00 Caturactonium 20*00 58°00 Calatum 19*00 57°45 Isurium 20*00 57°40 Rigodunum 18*00 57°30 Olicana 19*00 57°30 Eboracum, Legio VI Victrix 20*00 57°20 Camulodunum 18*00 57°45 Near which on the Opportunum bay are the Parisi and the town Petuaria 20*40 56°40 g Below these are the Brigantes but some distance toward the west are the Ordovices, among whom are the towns: Mediolanum 16*45 56°40 Brannogenium 16*45 56°15 From these toward the east are the Cornavi, among whom are the towns: Deva, Legio XX Victrix 17*30 56°45 Viroconium 16*45 55°45 Next to these are the Coritani, among whom are the towns: Lindum 18*40 56°30 Ratae 18*00 55°30 Next are the Catuvellauni, among whom are the towns: Salinae 20*45 55°50 Urolanium 19*20 55°30 Next to these are the Iceni, whose town is called Venta 20*30 55°20 Farther eastward and near the estuary of the Tamesa are the Trinovantes and the town Camulodunum 21*00 55°00 Below the peoples we have mentioned, but more toward the west are the Demetae, whose towns are: Luentinum 15*45 55°10 Maridunum 15*30 54°40 More toward the east are the Silures whose town is Bullaeum 16*50 55°00 Next to these are the Dobuni, and their town Corinium 18*00 54°10 then the Atrebati and their town Caleva 19*00 54°15 Next to these, but farther eastward, are the Canti among whom are the towns: Londinium 20*00 54°00 Daruernum 21*00 54°00 Rutupie 21*45 54°00 Below the Atrebati and the Canti are the Regni and the town Noeomagus 19*45 53°05 Below the Dobuni are the Belgae and the towns: Iscalis 16*00 53°40 Aquae calidae 17*20 53°40 Venta 18*40 53°00 Toward the west and south of these are the Durotriges whose town is Dunium 18*00 52°40 Next to these, but more to the west, are the Dumnoni, whose towns are: Voliba 14*45 52°00 Uxella 15*00 52°45 Tamara 15*00 52°15 Isca, where is located Legio II Augusta 17*30 52°45 The islands which are near Albion island and the Orcades promontory are: Scetis island 32*40 60°45 Dumna island 30*00 61°20 Above these islands are the Orcades, about thirty in number, the middle of which is in 30*00 61°40 Far above these is the island Thule. The part of this which extends much toward the west is in 29*00 63°00 that which is farthest eastward is 31*40 63°00 that which is farthest northward is 30*20 63°15 that which is farthest southward is 30*20 62°40 the middle is in 30*20 63°00 Eastward from the Trinovantes region there are two islands: Toliapis 23*00 54°20 Counus island 24*00 54°30 Below Magnus Portus is the island Vectis, the middle of which is in 19*20 52°20        In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there are three provinces, Baetica, Lusitania, and Tarraconensis. The side of Baetica which is on the west and the north is terminated by Lusitania and a part of Tarraconensis. The following is a description of this side: on the east mouth of the Ana river 4*20 37°30 where the river turns from the east 6*20 39°00 the locality where the river touches the border of Lusitania 9*00 39°00 the boundary line drawn thence along Tarraconensis, which extends as far as the Balearic sea has its terminus in 12*00 37°15 the sources of the river are located in 11*00 40°00 The southern side of Baetica is terminated by the Outer sea and the Hercules strait, and by the Inner or Iberian sea. A description of this side is the following: From the mouth of the Ana river in the Outer sea are: The Turdetani Onoba estuary 4*40 37°20 Eastern mouth of the Baetis river 5*20 37°00 sources of the river 12*00 38°20 Estuary near Asta 6*00 36°20 The Turduli Menesthus harbor 6*00 36°20 promontory, where a bay begins, and in this is the Temple of Juno 5*45 36°10 mouth of the Baelon river 6*10 36°10 Baelon town 6*15 36°05 The Bastuli who are also called Phoenicians Menralia 6*30 36°05 Transducta 6*50 36°05 Barbesola town 7*15 36°10 Carteia 7*30 36°10 Calpe mountain (Gibraltar) and pillars of the inner sea 7*30 36°15 In the Iberian sea mouth of the Barbesola river 7*40 36°20 Suel 8*00 36°55 mouth of the Salduba river 8*30 37°00 Malaca 8*50 37°30 Maenoba 9*15 37°15 Sex 9*45 37°15 Selambina 9*45 37°15 Projecting land 10*50 37°5 Abdara 10*45 37°10 Portus Magnus 11*20 37°5 Charidemi promontory 11*30 36°50 The remaining part of the province, turning from the south, is terminated on the Balearic sea by the line which runs from the mentioned Charidemi promontory to the terminal position, near which is Baria town 11*45 37°10 The Bastuli inhabit the sea coast from Menralia to Baria, as we have said; above whom, in the interior, which is adjacent to Tarraconensis, the Turduli dwell, and their interior cities are: Setia 9*10 38°50 Ilurgis 9*30 38°40 Vogia 9*00 38°30 Calpurniana 9*45 38°10 Caecila 9*15 38°10 Baniana 10*00 38°15 Corduba 9*20 38°05 Ulia 9*30 38°00 Obulcum 10*10 38°00 Arcilacis 8*45 37°45 Detunda 8*40 37°25 Murgis 8*15 37°20 Salduba 8*45 37°20 Tucci 8*00 37°10 Salar 7*30 37°00 Barla 7*00 36°40 Ebora 6*15 36°55 Onoba 6*10 36°20 Illipula magna 9*40 38°00 Selia 9*40 37°45 Vescis 9*30 37°30 Oscua 9*50 37°30 Artigis 9*40 37°25 Callicula 10*10 37°45 Lacibis 10*15 37°30 Sacilis 10*25 37°50 Lacippo 10*15 37°20 Illiberis 11*00 37°40 The Turdetani inhabit the interior region bordering on Lusitania, whose towns are: Canaca 4*40 38°00 Seria 4*40 37°45 Osca 5*00 37°15 Caeriana 5*10 38°15 Urium 5*40 38°20 Illipula 6*00 38°00 Segida 6*30 37°45 Ptuci 5*30 37°30 Sala 5*40 37°30 Nabrissa 5*40 37°20 Ugia 5*30 37°10 Asta 6*00 37°00 Corticata 6*5 38°20 Laelia 6*30 38°5 Italica 7*00 38°00 Maxilua 6*20 37°50 Ucia 7*00 37°40 Carissa 6*30 37°30 Calduba 6*40 37°15 Paesula 7*00 37°10 Saguntia 6*30 37°5 Asindum 6*30 36°50 Nertobriga 7*00 38°50 Contributa 7*40 38°55 Regina 7*10 38°55 Cursu 8*00 38°40 Mirobriga 7*00 38°25 Spoletinum 7*20 38°20 Illipa magna 7*40 38°10 Hispalis 7*15 37°50 Obucola 8*00 37°45 Oleastrum 7*10 37°30 Ursone 7*30 37°5 Baesippo 7*15 37°5 Fornacis 8*30 38°50 Arsa 8*40 38°35 Asyla 8*35 38°25 Astigis 8*15 38°20 Carmonia 8*10 38°00 Celtic Baetica Arucci 5*50 38°50 Arunda 6*30 38°50 Curgia 6*30 38°40 Acinippo 6*30 38°25 Vama 6*15 38°25 The mountains in Baetica are called the Marianus, the central part of which is in 6*00 37°40 and the Illipula the central part of which is in 7*20 37°30 There is an island adjacent to Hispanic Baetica in the Outer sea, in which is the town Gadira, the location of which is in 5*10 36°10 The south side of Lusitania, as we have indicated, is the northern boundary of Baetica; the north side borders on Tarraconensis along the western part of the Dorius river, the mouth of which opens into the Outer sea in the locality 5*20 41°50 where the river first touches the borders of Lusitania is in 9*10 41°50 sources of the river are in 11*40 41°40 The eastern side also borders on Tarraconensis, and its termini as we have said, are near the Anas river and the Dorius river. The west side, which extends along the Western ocean, is thus described: After the mouth of the Anas river The Turditani Balsa 3*40 37°45 Ossonoba 3*00 37°50 Sacrum (Sacred) promontory 2*30 38°15 mouth of Calipodis river 5*00 39°00 Salacia 5*05 39°25 Caetobrix 4*55 39°30 The Lusitani Barbarium promontory 4*50 39°50 Oliosipon 5*10 40°15 mouth of the Tagus river 5*30 40°30 that part of the river which touches Tarraconensis is in 9*00 40°30 sources of the river 11*40 40°45 Luna mountain, promontory 5*00 40°40 mouth of the Monda river 5*10 40°50 mouth of the Vacus river 5*10 41°20 Next is the mouth of the Dorius river in 5*20 41°50 The Turdetani inhabit the vicinity of the Sacred promontory, whose interior cities in Lusitania are: Pax Julia 5*20 39°00 Julia Myrtilis 5*15 38°45 The Celtici inhabit that region which from these (towns) lies toward the interior; their cities in Lusitania are: Laccobriga 5*45 40°15 Caepiana 5*20 40°00 Braetoleum 6*00 40°00 Mirobriga 5*20 39°45 Arcobriga 5*40 39°45 Meribriga 6*10 39°40 Catraleucus 5*40 39°20 Arandis 6*10 39°05 Above these are the Lusitani, whose interior towns are: Lavare 5*30 41°45 Aritium 5*40 41°30 Selium 6*00 41°20 Elbocoris 6*30 41°15 Araducta 6*40 41°30 Verurium 7*15 41°05 Velladis 6*40 41°05 Aeminium 7*20 41°00 Chretina 5*30 40°40 Arabriga 5*40 40°30 Scalabis colonia 6*00 40°55 Tacubis 6*20 40°45 Concordia 6*40 40°30 Talabriga 7*30 40°45 Rusticana 7*40 40°30 Mendiculeia 6*50 40°15 Caurium 6*40 40°00 Turmogum 8*00 40°15 Burdua 7*20 40°00 Colarnum 6*50 39°45 Sallaecus 6*50 39°30 Ammaea 7*00 39°20 Ebura 7*00 39°05 Norba Caesarina 7*50 39°55 Liciniana 7*20 39°40 Augusta Emerita 8*00 39°30 Evandria 7*20 39°15 Geraea 7*40 39°05 Caecilia Gemellina 8*40 39°30 Capasa 8*40 39°10 The Vettones are farthest east, whose towns are: Lancia oppidana 8*30 41°40 Cottaeobriga 8*00 41°30 Salmantica 8*50 41°50 Augustobriga 8*00 41°15 Ocelum 8*20 41°15 Capara 8*30 41°00 Manliana 8*20 41°00 Laconimurgi 8*20 40°45 Diobriga 8*40 40°40 Obila 8*50 40°25 Lama 8*30 40°05 Island adjacent to Lusitania Londobris 3*00 41°00 The western side of Lusitania, which borders on the Western ocean, is thus described: after the mouth of the Dorius river, there follows The Callaici Bracares mouth of the Avus river 5*30 42°15 Avarus promontory 5*30 42°30 mouth of the Nebis river 5*40 42°45 mouth of the Limius river 5*30 43°15 mouth of the Minius river 5*20 43°40 sources of the rivers 11*30 44°15 The Callaici Lucensi Orvium promontory 5*30 44°00 mouth of the Via river 5*40 44°20 mouth of the Tamara river 5*40 44°40 The Artabri Artabri harbor 5*20 45°00 Nerium promontory 5*15 45°10 The north side, above which is the ocean called Cantabrius, is described as follows: after the Nerium promontory there is another promontory in which are the altars of the Sesti. Promontory 5*40 45°30 mouth of the Virus river 6*15 45°30 Next a promontory 6*30 45°30 In the Great harbor of the Callaici Lucensi Flavius Brigantius 6*45 45°00 Lapatia Coru promontory which is called Trilecum 8*15 45°50 mouth of the Mearus river 9*00 45°45 mouth of the Nabius river 10*20 45°40 mouth of the Nabialavionis river 10*20 45°45 The Paesici Flavionavia 11*45 45°25 mouth of the Naelus river 12*00 45°30 The Cantabri Noega Ucesia 13*00 45°30 The Autrigones mouth of the Nerva river 13*10 44°40 Flaviobriga 13*30 44°15 The Caristi mouth of the Deva river 13*45 44°25 The Varduli Menosca 14*20 45°00 The Vascones Oeasso town 15*10 45°05 Oeasso promontory 15*10 45°50 The side toward the south is terminated by the Pyrénées, thence extending from the mentioned promontory on the coast of our sea, where has been erected a Temple of Venus, located in 20*20 42°20 The mountains turn slightly toward Hispania, and the middle of the bend is toward Tarraconensis, in 17*00 43°00 On the other side of Tarraconensis, that which borders on Lusitania and Baetica has been described, the remaining part which borders on the Balearic sea and looks toward the south, is described as follows: it extends to the boundary of Baetica in 12*00 37°15 On the sea coast of the Bastitani is Urci 12*00 37°25 On the sea coast of the Contestani are: Lucentum 12*10 37°30 Cartago nova 12*15 37°55 Scombraria promontory 12*55 38°05 mouth of the Taberis river 12*30 38°30 Alona 12*40 38°55 mouth of the Saetabis river 13*00 38°45 Illicitanus harbor 13*30 38°45 mouth of the Sucronis river 14*00 38°50 On the maritime coast of the Ilercaones are: Tenebrius promontory 15*55 39°40 Tenebrius harbor 15*30 40°00 mouth of the Iberus river 16*40 30°00 middle of this river 14*00 42°00 sources of the river 12*30 44°00 On the sea coast of the Cosetani are: Tarraco 16*20 40°40 Subur 16*50 40°45 On the sea coast of the Laetani are: Barcinon 17*15 41°00 mouth of the Rubricatus river 17*30 41°00 Betulon 17*50 41°20 Lunarium promontory 18*30 41°30 Diluron 18*00 41°45 Blanda 18*15 41°00 On the seacoast of the Indigetes mouth of the Sambroca river 18*30 42°10 Emporia 18*45 42°20 mouth of the Clodianus river 19*00 42°30 Rhode town 19*30 42°30 and then as we have said the Temple of Venus 20*20 42°20 The mountains in Tarraconensis are called: The Vindius, the extremities of which are in 9*00 45°00 and 11*30 44°30 The Edulius, the extremities of which are in 14*40 42°30 and 16*00 43°00 The Idubeda, the extremities of which are in 14*00 41°30 and 14*20 39°00 The Otrospeda, the extremities of which are in 12*00 37°40 and 14*00 39°40 On the Nerium promontory the Artabri dwell, whose towns are: Claudiomerum 5*45 45°10 Novium 6*10 44°45 Near these are the Callaici Lucensi, whose interior towns are: Burum 8*15 45°05 Olina 8*30 48°30 Vica 9*20 45°20 Libunca 10*10 45°20 Pintia 10*10 45°05 Caronium 7*00 44°45 Turuptiana 6*20 44°45 Glandomirum 7*00 44°30 Ocelum 8*20 44°25 Turriga 8*50 44°35 of the Capori Iria Flavia 6*25 44°30 Lucus Augusti 7*25 44°25 of the Cilini Aqua calida 6*20 44°20 of the Lemavi Dactonium 7*30 44°00 of the Baedyi Flavia Lambris 7*20 44°45 of the Seurri Talamina 8*30 44°30 Five Springs 8*30 45°10 Asturia joins this on the east side, and the towns in this province are: Lucus Asturum 11*00 45°00 Labernis 11*00 44°30 Interamnium 10*15 44°20 Argenteola 9*20 43°45 Lanciati 9*20 43°30 Maliaca 10*20 44°00 Gigia 11*30 43°45 Bergidum river 8*30 44°10 Interamnium river 9*00 44°00 Legio VII Germanica 9*00 43°30 of the Brigaecini Brigaecium 10*00 44°50 of the Baedunenses Bedunia 9*50 44°25 of the Orniacori Intercatia 11*10 44°15 of the Lungonum Paelontium 11*40 44°50 of the Selini Nardinium 10*20 43°45 of the Supertati Petavonium 9*30 43°40 of the Amacori Asturica Augusta 9*30 44°00 of the Tibures Nemetobriga 7*30 43°45 of the Gigurri Forum Gigurrum 8*00 43°45 The land between the Minius and the Dorius rivers, near the sea, the Callaici Pracari inhabit, whose towns are: Bracaraugusta 6*00 43°40 Caladunum 6*30 43°30 Pinetus 6*50 43°35 Complutica 8*20 43°25 Tuntobriga 8*30 43°25 Araducca 6*00 41°55 of the Turodori Aqua Flavia 6*30 43°25 of the Nemetatari Volobriga 6*00 42°35 of the Calerinori Celiobriga 6*00 42°20 of the Bibilori Forum Bibilori 7*20 43°20 of the Limicori Forum Limicori 6*50 42°45 of the Gruiori Tuda 8*20 42°45 of the Luancori Merua 7*30 42°40 of the Quacernori Aquae Quacernori 7*20 42°20 of the Lubanori Cambetum 8*10 42°20 of the Narbasori Forum Nabasori 8*00 42°00 Around these dwell the Vaccaei, whose towns are: Bargiacis 9*45 43°25 Intercatia 10*15 43°25 Viminacium 11*00 43°30 Porta Augusta 9*40 43°20 Autraca 10*00 43°15 Lacobriga 10*20 43°20 Avia 10*20 43°00 Segontia Paramica 9*30 43°00 Gella 9*40 42°55 Albocela 9*05 42°40 Rauda 9*20 42°35 Segisama Julia 9*50 42°40 Pallantia 10*30 42°30 Eldana 9*0 42°20 Cougium 9*40 42°25 Cauca 10*00 42°20 Octodurum 9*40 42°10 Pintia 10*10 42°00 Sentica 9*00 41°55 Sarabris 9*40 41°55 Toward the east of Asturia dwell the Cantabri, whose inland towns are: Concana 12*10 44°55 Ottaviolca 12*40 44°45 Argenomescum 12*00 44°30 Vadinia 11*50 44°25 Vellica 12*30 44°15 Camarica 11*40 44°45 Juliobriga 12*10 44°00 Moroeca 11*45 43°50 Below these are the Morbogi, whose towns are: Bravum 12*00 43°40 Sisaraca 11*30 43°30 Deobrigula 11*50 43°25 Ambisna 11*10 43°05 Segisamum 12*00 43°10 To the east of these and of Cantabria dwell the Autrigones, whose inland towns are: Uxama Barca 13*00 44°15 Segisamonculum 13*00 43°55 Vircesca 12*30 43°50 Antecuia 13*00 43°40 Diobriga 13*15 43°30 Vindelia 12*40 43°15 Salionca 13*00 43°05 Below the Murbogi are the Pelendones, whose towns are: Visontium 11*40 42°50 Augustobriga 11*30 42°40 Savia 12*30 42°40 Below the Autrigones are the Berones, whose towns are: Tritium Metallum 13*00 42°50 Oliba 13*00 42°40 Varea 13*30 42°45 Below the Pelendones and the Berones are the Arevacces, whose towns are: Confluenta 11*00 42°35 Clunia colonia 11*00 42°00 Termes 11*30 42°25 Uxama Argaela 11*30 42°00 Segortia Lanca 12*30 41°40 Veluca 11*50 41°55 Tucris 12*40 42°30 Numantia 12*30 41°50 Seguvia 13*30 42°25 Nova Augusta 13*15 42°10 Back from the Vaccaei and the Arevacces, toward the south, dwell the Carpetani, among whom are the towns Illurbida 9*40 41°40 Egelesta 10*30 41°40 Ilarcuris 11*00 41°35 Varada 11*30 41°30 Thermida 12*00 41°35 Titulcia 10*20 41°20 Mantua 11*40 41°15 Toletum 10*00 41°00 Complutum 10*50 41°05 Caracca 11*20 40°50 Libora 9*25 40°45 Ispinum 10*15 40°45 Metercosa 10*20 40°35 Barnacis 11*00 40°30 Alternia 10*30 40°25 Paterniana 9*50 40°15 Rigusa 10*30 40°15 Laminium 10*50 39°55 Toward the east from these are the Celtiberi, whose towns are: Belsinum 13*40 41°55 Turiasso 13*30 41°50 Nertobriga 14*00 41°50 Bilbis 13*45 41°30 Arcobriga 13*05 41°25 Caesada 12*10 41°00 Mediolum 13*00 41°00 Attacum 13*30 41°05 Ergavica 12*20 40°45 Segobriga 13*30 40°40 Condabora 13*50 40°30 Bursada 12*45 40°35 Laxta 13*20 40°30 Valeria 12*30 40°25 Istonium 11*30 40°15 Alaba 12*00 40°20 Libana 12*20 40°10 Urcesa 11*40 39°45 Toward the south from these and from the Carpetani are the Oretani, and the towns Salaria 9*20 40°00 Sisapone 10*00 39°55 Oretum Germanorum 9*10 39°40 Aemiliana 10*00 39°40 Mirobriga 9*30 39°30 Salica 10*40 39°25 Libisosa 11*25 39°30 Castulo 9*30 39°00 Lupparia 9*45 39°00 Mentesa 10*25 39°00 Cervaria 11*00 39°05 Biatia 10*00 38°45 Laccuris 10*50 38°30 Tuia 10*20 38°30 Below the eastern part of the Celtiberi are the Lobetani whose town is Lobetum 13*00 40°20 Below these and next to the Oretani are the Bastitani whose interior towns are: Pucialia 13*20 39°50 Salaria 13*00 39°40 Turbula 13*30 39°45 Saltiga 12*00 39°30 Bigerra 12*30 39°35 Abula 11*40 39°15 Asso 12*00 39°10 Bergula 11*20 38°55 Carca 11*00 38°35 Ilunum 11*30 38°40 Arcilacis 11*20 38°20 Segisa 11*30 38°30 Orcelis 11*30 38°05 Vergilia 11*30 37°35 Acci 11*45 37°35 Next to these and dwelling on the coast are the Contestani, and the inland towns Menlaria 13*30 39°15 Valentia 14*00 39°05 Saetabis 13*10 39°00 Saetabicula 13*40 38°55 Ilicis 12*20 38°30 Iaspis 12*20 38°55 Toward the east of these, of the Bastitani, and of the Celtiberi, are the Edetani, whose inland towns are: Caesaraugusta 14*30 41°30 Bernaba 14*10 41°15 Ebora 14*40 41°00 Belia 14*10 40°45 Arsi 14*40 40°40 Damania 14*30 40°30 Leonica 14*40 40°15 Osicerda 14*15 40°10 Etobesa 14*20 39°45 Lassira 14*50 39°40 Edeta or Liria 14*25 39°25 Saguntum 14*35 39°20 Further toward the east of these are the Ilercaones and the inland towns Carthago vetus 15*20 41°20 Biscargis 14*55 41°10 Theava 15*15 40°40 Adeba 15*40 40°30 Tiariulia 15*30 40°25 Sigarra 15*05 40°15 Dertosa 15*15 40°00 In the region which is included between the Iberus and the Pyrénées adjoining the Austrigones, thru whose territory a large river flows, are located the Caristi toward the east, and the inland towns are: Suestasium 13*40 44°00 Tullica 13*40 43°45 Velia 13*55 43°20 Below these are the Berones whose towns are: Trituum 13*00 42°00 Varra 13*30 42°40 Iliba 13*00 42°30 To the east of these are the Carduli and the inland towns are: Gebala 14*00 43°50 Gabalaeca 14*30 43°45 Tullonium 13*50 43°30 Alba 14*35 43°30 Seguntia Paramica 14*30 43°15 Tritium Tuboricam 13*40 43°10 Thabuca 14*00 42°50 Next to these are the Vascones whose inland towns are: Iturissa 15*25 43°55 Pompelon 15*00 43°45 Bituris 15*30 43°45 Andelus 15*00 43°30 Nemanturista 15*35 43°25 Curnonium 14*50 43°15 Iacca 15*30 43°15 Gracuris 15*00 43°00 Calagorina 14*40 42°55 Cascantum 15*00 42°45 Ergavica 14*30 42°35 Tarraga 14*45 42°30 Muscaria 14*20 42°25 Setia 14*40 42°15 Alavona 14*40 41°55 And next beyond these are the Ilergetes, whose interior towns are: Bergusia 16*30 43°00 Celsa 16*00 42°45 Bergidum 15*30 42°30 Eraga 16*10 42°30 Succosa 15*10 42°30 Osca 16*00 42°30 Burtina 15*10 41°55 Gallica Flavia 15*30 41°40 Orgia 15*00 41°30 Ilerda 15*35 41°25 Below these, but toward the east, are the Ceretaii whose town is Julia Libica 17*20 42°45 The Ausetani are on the west of these, and the towns are: Aquae Calidae 16*40 42°30 Ausa 16*10 42°10 Baecula 17*00 42°15 Gerunda 17*55 42°15 And next to these are the Castellani whose interior towns are: Sebendunum 16*40 42°10 Bassi 17*55 42°05 Egosa 17*10 41°55 Beseda 17*30 41°50 To the west of these are the Iaccetani, whose towns are: Lesa 16*20 42°00 Udura 16*30 41°45 Ascerris 16*00 41°40 Setelsis 16*40 41°45 Telobis 16*00 41°30 Ceresus 15*40 41°20 Bacasis 16*45 41°25 Iessus 15*30 41°00 Anabis 16*20 41°00 Cinna 15*50 40°50 The interior towns of the Indegetari are: Deciana 18*40 42°35 Iuncaria 18*30 42°20 and the interior town of the Laetanori is Rubricata 17*20 41°25 The islands adjacent to Tarraconensis, in the Cantabrian ocean, are three peaks which are called the Trileuci, the middle of which is in 9*00 46°45 In the Western ocean are the Cassiterides islands, ten in number, the middle of which is in 4*00 45°30 and two islands which are called the Islands of the Gods in 4*40 43°30 In the Balearic sea are the Pityussa islands the lesser of which is called Ophiusis 14*50 38°20 the greater of which is called Ebyssus, with a town of the same name 14*00 38°05 And the two Balearic islands, called in Greek the Gymnesia, in the larger of which are two towns Palma 16*10 39°15 Polentia 16*45 39°15 In the lesser of these islands are the towns Iamna 17*10 39°30 Mago 17*30 39°30     Gallia is divided into four provinces, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica, and Narbonensis, and the places along its coast follow in this order: after the western promontory, terminating the Pyrénées, which is located a in 15*00 45°50 mouth of the Aturis river 16*45 44°30 mouth of the Sigmatis river 17*00 45°20 Curianum promontory 16*30 46°00 mouth of the Garumna 17*30 46°30 the middle of its course 18*00 45°20 source of the river 19*30 44°15 Santonum harbor 16*30 46°45 Santonum promontory 16*00 47°15 mouth of the Canentelus river 17*15 47°45 Pictonium promontory 17*00 48°00 Sicor harbor 17*30 48°15 mouth of the Liger river 17*40 48°30 On the north it is bounded by that part of Lugdunensis province which is along the river we call the Liger as far as that locality where it turns southward in 20*00 48°30 The eastern boundary is Lugdunensis province running along the river Liger as far as its source in 20*00 44°30 The south is bounded in part by the Pyrénées, and extends along Narbonensis from the source of the Liger river to that terminus in the Pyrénées to which we have referred, then along that part of the Pyrénées which extends to the Oeasso promontory. The Pictones inhabit that part of Aquitania farthest north along the river and the sea, whose towns are: Ratiatum 17*50 48°20 Limonum 18*00 47°50 Below these are the Santones, and the interior town is Mediolanium 17*40 46°45 Below these are the Bituriges Vibixci whose towns are: Noviomagus 17*40 46°15 Burdigala 18*45 45°30 Below these extending as far as the Pyrénées are the Tarbeli and their town is Aquae Augustae 17*00 44°40 Inland below the Pictones are the Limovici and the town Augustoritum 19*40 47°45 Below these are the Cadurci and the town Dueona 18*00 47°15 Below these are the Petrocori and the town Vesuna 19*50 46°50 The Bituriges Cubi extend along the eastern border of those we have named and touch the region located across the Liger river whose town is Avaricum 20*15 46°40 Below the Petrocori are the Nitiobriges and the town Aginnum 19*30 46°20 Below these are the Vassari and the town Cossium 18*30 46°00 Below whom are the Gabali and the town Anderedum 19*45 45°30 Below the Gabali are the Dati and the town Tasta 19*00 45°15 Below these are the Ausci and the town Augusta 18*00 45°00 From these toward the east are a part of the Averni among whom is the town Augustonemetum 20*00 45°00 Below the Ausci are the Velauni whose town is Ruessium 18*00 44°30 Below these are the Rutani and the town Segodunum 17*45 44°10 Bordering on the Pyrénées are the Convenae and the town Lugdunum colonia 17*00 44°00 The borders of Lugdunensis which touch Aquitania have been described; and that which looks toward the ocean is described in the following order, after the mouth of the Liger river: Brivates harbor 17*40 48°45 mouth of the Herius river 17*00 49°15 Vidana harbor 16*30 49°40 Gabaeum promontory 15*15 49°45 The north side which borders on the Britannic ocean is thus described: after the Gabaeum promontory Saliocanus harbor 16*30 50°00 mouth of the Titus river 17*20 50°20 The Biducasi Argenua 18*00 50°30 The Venelli Crociatonnum 18*50 50°30 mouth of the Olina river 18*45 51°00 The Lexubi Noeomagus 19*30 51°10 mouth of the Sequana river 20*00 51°30 The eastern border is common with Belgica running along the Sequana river, the middle of which border is located in 24*00 47°20 from this point it extends direct as far as the terminus in 25*00 45°30 The southern side is terminated by that part of Narbonensis which extends as far as the terminus in the indicated confines of Aquitania near the Cemmeni mountains, the middle part of which is in 20*0 44°30 The Caletae inhabit the north coast from the Sequana river, whose town is Iuliobana 20*15 51°20 Next to these are the Lexubi, then the Venelli, after these the Biducasi and the Osismi extending as far as the Gabaeum promontory, whose town is Vorganium 17*40 50°10 The Veneti occupy the western coast below the Osismi, whose town is Darioritum 17*20 49°15 Below these are the Samnites who extend as far as the Liger river. In the interior toward the east from the Veneti are the Aulircii Diablitae, whose town is Noeodunum 18*00 50°00 After these are the Arvi and the town Vagoritum 18*40 50°00 After these, extending as far as the Sequana, are the Veneliocasi, whose town is Ratomagus 20*10 50°20 And back from the Samnites toward the east are the Andicavae, whose town is Iuliomagus 18*50 49°00 After these toward the east are the Aulirei Cenomani, whose town is Vindinum 20*45 49°20 After these are the Namnetae, whose town is Condivincum 21*15 50°00 Extending to the river Sequana are the Abrincatui, and their town is Ingena 21*45 50°45 The Aulirci Eburaici extend below those we have mentioned, from the river Liger to the Sequana whose town is Mediolanium 20*40 48°00 Below these on the banks of the river Liger are the Rhedones, whose town is Condate 20*40 47°20 And toward the east from these are the Senones, whose town is Agedicum 21*15 47°10 Near the Sequana are the Carnutae, and the towns Autricum 21*40 48°15 Cenabum 22*00 47°50 Below these are the Parisi and the town Lucotecia 23*30 47°45 Below these are the Tricasi and the town Augustobona 23*30 47°45 Below these races which we have mentioned near the Liger river, are the Turoni, and their town is Caesarondunum 20*45 46°30 Below these on the border of the Averni who inhabit the Cemmenos mountains are the Segusiavi and their towns are: Rhodumna 20*15 45°50 Forum Segusianorum 20*50 45°30 Toward the east, from those we have mentioned, are the Meldae and the town Latinum 23*00 47°30 Next to these toward Belgica are the Vadicasi and the town Noeomagus 24*20 46°30 Toward the east from the Averni extending as far as the river which flows from the north into the Rhone river, is the race of the Aedui, and the towns Augustodunum 23*40 46°30 Cabyllinum 23*50 45°20 Lugdunum metropolis (Lyon) 23*15 45°20 The western border of Belgica Gallia, which is near Lugdunensis, we have described; the north which is on the Britannic ocean is thus described: after the mouth of the Sequana river mouth of the Phrudis river 21*45 52°20 Itium promontory 22*15 52°30 Gesoriacum, naval station of the Morini 22*30 53°30 mouth of the Tabula river 23*30 53°30 mouth of the Mosa river 24*40 53°30 Lugdunum Batavorum 26*30 53°20 Western mouth of the Rhine 26*45 53°30 Central mouth of the river 27*00 53°10 Eastern mouth of the river 27*20 54°00 The border which looks toward the east along Germania Magna, is terminated by the Rhine river, the source of which is in 29*20 a 46°00 that locality where the river Obrincas flows into this from the west 29*20 46°00 and near the mountains which are called the Adulas, coming from the source of the river 29*30 45°15 Jurassus mountains 26*15 46°00 The south side connects with a part Gallia Narbonensis, and extends from the common boundary of Lugdunensis and Narbonensis as far as the common terminus of the Alps and the Adulas 29*30 45°15 The Atribati inhabit the seacoast, near the Sequana river, whose town is Metacum 22*00 51°00 Next toward the east are the Bellovici, whose town is Caesaromagus 22*50 51°20 Next to these in that region are the Ambiani, and their town is Samarobriva 22*15 52°10 Next to these are the Morini, whose interior town is Tarvanna 23*20 52°50 Next beyond the Tabula river are the Tungri and the town Atuatucum 24*30 52°50 Next to the Mosa river are the Menapi, and their town Castellum 25*00 52°15 Below these are the Nervi, a race to which we have referred, extending northward, whose town is Bagacum 25*15 51°40 Below these are the Subanecti, whose town is located on the eastern bank of the Sequana river: Ratomagus 22*30 50°00 Next to these are the Viromandues and the town Augusta Viromandeum 25*30 50°00 Below these are the Vessones, whose town, located toward the east of the Sequana, is Augusta Vessonum 23*30 48°45 b Next to these near the river are the Remi, and their town Durocottorum 23*45 48°30 Toward the east from the Remi, and extending northward, are the Treveri whose town is Augusta Treverorum 26*00 48°10 Toward the south of these are the Mediomatrices, whose town is Dividurum 25*30 47°20 And below these and the Remi are the Leuci, and their towns Tullium 26*30 47°00 Nasium 24*50 46°40 The other part of the region near the Rhine from the sea to the Obruncus river is called Lower Germania, in which and the west of the Rhine river is the town in the interior of Batavia Batavodurum 27*15 52°30 Below which are: Veterra 27*30 51°50 Legio XXX Ulpia Agrippinensis 27*40 51°10 Bonna 27*40 50°50 Legio I Minervia Trajana Legio XXII 27*30 50°35 Mocontiacum 27*20 50°15 Another part toward the south from the Obrincas river is called Upper Germania, in which are the towns of the Nemetes Neomagus 27*40 49°50 Rufiniana 27*40 49°30 of the Vangiones Borbetomagus 27*50 49°20 Argentoratum 27*50 48°45 Legio VIII Augusta of the Tribocci Breucomagus 27*50 48°20 Helcebus 28*00 48°00 of the Raurici Augusta Rauricorum 28*00 47°30 Argentovaria 27*50 47°20 Extending below these and the Leuci dwell the Longones whose town is Andomatunnum 26*15 46°20 And after the mountains which are below these, and which are called the Jurassus, are the Helveti near the Rhine river, whose towns are: Ganodurum 28*30 46°30 Forum Tiberii 28*00 46°00 The Sequani are below these and the towns Dittatium 25*10 45°40 Visentium 26*00 46°00 Equestris 27*00 45°40 Aventicum 28*00 45°30 The borders of Narbonensis are contiguous with the neighboring provincial tribes, which have been described; from the remaining, those which are on the east, are terminated by the western part of the Alps from the Adulas mountains to the mouth of the Varus river, the location of which is in 27*30 43°00 The south is terminated by the remaining part of the Pyrénées mountains extending from the boundary of Aquitania as far as the summit of the mountains at the inner sea, where there is a Temple of Venus, and by the Gallic sea to the mouth of the Varus river. The shores of this sea are thus described: after the Temple of Venus 20*20 42°20 mouth of the Illeris river 21*00 42°40 mouth of the Ruscionis river 21*15 42°45 mouth of the Atagis river 21*30 42°45 mouth of the Orobis river 21*45 42°45 mouth of the Araurus river 22*00 42°50 Agatha town 22*15 42°50 Setius mountain 22*30 42°30 Mariana Trenches [ no, not the ones you're thinking of, which are in the Pacific Ocean! ] 22*40 42°40 mouth of the Rhodanus river toward the west 22*50 42°40 eastern mouth of the Rhodanus river 23*00 42°50 Where below Lugdunum the river turns toward the Alps 23*00 45°15 That part of it near the lake which is called Lemanus is in 27*15 45°15 Of the rivers which unite with this, in that part which is toward the north from Lugdunum are the Arar and the Dubis, the sources of the Arar flowing from the Alps are located in 28*40 44°40 the Dubis river below this is in 28*30 44°30 These rivers flow toward the north from the Alps, then turn toward the west, and the junction is in 25*20 45°30 they flow into the Rhodanus river 24*00 45°30 In that part, which is south of the town Vienna, are the Isar river and the Druentia river, coming from the Alps; the sources of the Isar river are in 28*00 44°00 the source of the Druentia is in 28*00 43°45 The junction of the Isar with the Rhodanus is in 22*40 44°00 and with the Druentia is in 22*40 43°50 On the sea, next to the Rhodanus, are: The Avatici Maritime city, colonia 23*30 43°05 mouth of the Caenus river 23*45 43°00 The Comani Massilia city 24*30 43°05 Tauroentium 24*50 42°50 Citharistes promontory 25*00 42°30 Olbia town 25*10 42°45 mouth of the Argentus river 25*40 42°45 Forum Julii colonia 26*30 42°50 The Deciati Antipolis 27*00 43°00 mouth of the Varus river 27*30 43°00 The Volcae Tectosages inhabit the extreme west of Narbonensis, whose inland towns are: Illiberis 19*45 43°15 Ruscinon 20*00 43°30 Tolosa colonia 20*10 44°15 Cessero 21*15 44°00 Carcaso 21*00 43°15 Baetirae 21*30 43°30 Narbon colonia 21*30 43°15 Next to these, extending as far as the Rhodanus river, are the Volcae Arecomici, whose inland towns are: Vindomagus 21*30 44°30 Nemausum colonia 22*00 44°30 To the east of the Rhodanus, and in the extreme north, are the Allobroges below the Medulli whose town is Vienna 23*00 45°00 Below these toward the west are the Segallauni, whose town is Velentia colonia 23*00 44°30 Toward the east are the Tricastini whose town is Noeomagus 26*30 45°00 Then below the Segallauni are the Cavari, whose towns are: Acusion colonia 23*00 44°15 Avennion colonia 23*00 44°00 Arausion 24*00 44°30 Cabellion colonia 24*00 44°00 Below these are the Salyes whose towns are: Taruscon 23*00 43°40 Glanum 23*30 43°30 Arelatum colonia 22*45 43°20 Aqua Sextia colonia 24*30 43°20 Ernaginum 24*00 43°30 Below the Tricastini are the Voconti, whose town is Vasion 26*00 44°30 Below these are the Memini, and their town is Forum Neronis 25*40 44°15 Below these are the Elycoci, and their town is Albaugusta 26*00 43°20 Toward the east of the Voconti and Memini are the Senti, whose town is Dinia 27*10 44°20 Below Narbonensis are islands, the Agatha, in the region near the city of this name which is located in 22*30 42°10 and next to this Blasco in 22*30 42°20 The Stoechades, five in number, are below Citharistes the middle of which is in 25*00 42°15 Below the Varus river is the island Lerone 27*45 42°15

Germaniae latus occidentale Rhenus fluvius terminat, septentrionale vero Germanicus Oceanus, cuius lateris descriptio haec est. Post Rheni fluvii ostia The western boundary of Germany is the river Rhine, and its northern boundary is the Germanic Ocean, of the shore of which the following is a description. After the mouths of the Rhine river:    Vidri fluvii ostia The mouths of the Vidrus river 27*30 54o45 Marnamanis portus Marnamanis, a port 28*00 54o15 Amisiae fluvii ostia The mouths of the Amisia river 29*00 55o00 fontes fluvii The sources of the river 32*00 53o00 Visurgis fluvii ostia The mouths of the Visurgis river 31*00 55o00 fontes fluvii the sources of the river 34*00 52o30 Albis fluvii ostia The mouths of the Albis river 31*00 56o15 fontes fluvii the sources of the river 39*00 50o00 Cimbricae Chersonesi The Cimbrian peninsula post Albim prominentia the cape after the Albis 32*00 56o50 proxima prominentia the next cape 35*00 58o20 sequens maxime borealis the next one, the northernmost 38*40 59o30 prima post conversionem prominentia the first cape after the bend 39*20 59o20 pars maxime orientalis the easternmost part of it 40*15 58o30 proxima infra hanc the next one below this one 37*00 57o00 ad ortum solis inflexio a bend towards the east 35*00 56o00 Chalusi fluvii ostia the mouths of the Chalusus river 37*00 56o00 Suevi fluvii ostia the mouths of the Suevus river 39*30 56o00 Viaduae fluvii ostia the mouths of the Viadua river 42*30 56o00 Vistulae fluvii ostia the mouths of the Vistula river 45*00 56o00 caput fluvii the head of the river 44*00 52o30 the source which is to the west and is said to be towards the Albis 40*10 52o40   The south side is bounded by the western part of the Danube river, whose position is this:   caput fluminis [Danubii] the head of the Danube river 30*00 46o20 ubi primus qui ex Germania decurrit in eum influit fluvius where the first river that flows into it from Germany enters 32*00 47o15 where a river flows into it from the south side; it is called the Aenus 34*00 47o20 ubi secundus a septentrionali parte fluvius in eum influit ex Gabretae Silvae regione decurrens where a second river flows into it from the northern side from the region of the Forest of Gabreta 36*00 46o40 where next from the north a river traversing the Luna Forest throws itself into it 39*20 47o20 the next bend, from which the Danube turns southwards 40*40 47o50 where a river flows into it from the north, which is called Arabo 41*00 47o40 flexio prope Curtam a bend near Curta 42*00 47o00 proxima inflexio prope Carpin, quae omnium est maxime septentrionalis the next bend near Carpis, which is the northernmost one of all 42*30 48o00 Orientale latus terminatur eo intervallo, quod est inter hanc inflexionem et Sarmaticos montes supra eam sitos, quorum The eastern side is bounded by that interval, which is between this last bend and the abovementioned Sarmatian mountains, australis terminus the southern boundary of which is in 42*30 48o30 septentrionalis vero and the northern boundary of which is in 43*30 50o30 atque intervallo inter hos montes et Vistulae caput quod supra indicavimus; deinde mari tenus ipso flumine. and the interval between these mountains and the head of the Vistulae is that which we indicated above; then to the sea by the river itself. Montium qui Germaniam intersecant celeberrimi sunt quos modo diximus quique proprie nuncupantur Sarmatici, atque ii, qui Alpibus cognomines supra Danubii caput sunt, Of the mountains that traverse Germany the most famous are those we have mentioned and are properly called the Sarmatian Mountains, and those, which under the name of Alps are above the head of the Danube, quorumque extremae partes sitae the farthest parts of which are at 29*00 47o00 et and 33*00 48o30 atque qui Abnobaei dicuntur, quorum extremae partes sitae sunt and those that are called Abnoba, the farthest parts of which are located in 31*00 49o00 et and 31*00 52o00 et Melibocus, cuius partes extremae sitae sunt and the Melibocus, the farthest parts of which are located in 33*00 52o30 et and 37*00 52o30infra quem est Semanus Silva; et Asciburgius mons, cuius extrema sita sunt below which is the Semanus Forest; and Mt. Asciburgius, the farthest parts of which are 39*00 54o00 et and 44*00 52o30 atque qui dicuntur Sudeti montes, quorum extrema sita sunt and those mountains that are called Sudeti, the farthest parts of which are at 34*00 50o00 et and 40*00 50o00 infra quos est Gabreta Silva; inter hos vero et Sarmaticos montes est Orcynius Saltus. below which is the Gabreta Forest; and between them and the Sarmatian mountains is the Orcynian valley. Habitant autem Germaniam praeter Rhenum fluvium, si a septentrionibus progredimur, Bructeri minores et Sygambri, infra quos Suevi Langobardi; deinde Tencteri et Incriones inter Rhenum et Abnobaeos montes; atque deinde Intuergi et Vargiones et Caritni, infra quos Vispi et Helvetiorum Desertum usque ad eos quos diximus Alpes montes. Those that inhabit Germany on the other side of the river Rhine, if we go towards the north, are the Bructeri minores and the Sygambri, below whom the Suevi Langobardi; then the Tencteri and the Incriones between the Rhine and the Abnobaei mountains; and then the Intuergi and the Vargiones and the Caritni, below whom the Vispi and the Desert of the Helvetii until those mountains we referred to as the Alps. Oram praeter Oceanum inhabitant supra Bructeros Frisii usque ad Amisiam fluvium; post hos Cauchi minores usque ad Visurgim fluvium; deinde Cauchi maiores usque ad Albim fluvium; inde per cervicem Cimbricae Chersonesi Saxones, ipsam autem Chersonesum supra Saxones ab occasu Sigulones, deinde Sabalingii, deinde Cobandi, supra quos Chali, et rursus supra hos ad occasum Fundusii, ad ortum Charudes, omnium vero maxime ad septentriones Cimbri; post Saxones a Chaluso fluvio ad Suevum fluvium Farodini, deinde Sidini usque ad Viaduam fluvium, et post eos Rugiclei usque ad Vistulam fluvium. The shore *praeter* the Ocean is inhabited above the Bructeriup to the Amisia river most to the north the Cimbri; after the Saxons from the Chalusus river to the Suevian river the Farodini, then the Sidini up to the Viadua river, and after these the Rugiclei up to the Vistula river. Ex gentibus introrsum et in media terra habitantibus maximae sunt gentes Suevorum Angilorum, qui ad orientem sunt a Langobardis septentriones versus extenti usque ad mediam Albis fluvii partem, et Suevorum Semnonum, quorum fines ultra Albim ab ea quam diximus parte orientem versus pertingunt usque ad Suevum fluvium, et Burguntarum, qui inde usque ad Vistulam habitant. Of the people of the interior and those wo live inland the most important are the Suevi Angili, who are to the east of the Langobardi extending towards the north and up to the central part of the Albis river, and the Suevi Semnones, whose boundaries beyond the Albis extend from the area we mentioned towards the east up to the Suevus river, and the Burguntae, who inhabit from there to the Vistula. Minores vero etiam interiacent gentes et quidem inter Cauchos minores et Suevos Bructeri maiores, infra quos Chaemae; inter Cauchos maiores et Suevos Angrivarii, deinde Laccobardi, infra quos Dulgubnii; inter Saxones et Suevos Teutonoari atque Viruni; inter Pharodinos et Suevos Teutones atque Avarni; inter Rugicleos et Burguntas Aelvaeones. Rursus infra Semnones sedes habent Silingae, et infra Burguntas Lugi Omani, infra quos Lugi Diduni usque ad Asciburgium montem; et infra Silingas Calucones ad utramque ripam Albis fluminis, infra quos Chaerusci et Camavi usque ad Melibocum montem, a quibus ad orientem circa Albim fluvium Baenochaemae, supra quos Batini, et supra hos infra Asciburgium montem Corconti et Lugi Buri usque ad Vistulae fluvii caput; infra hos autem primi Sidones, deinde Cotini, deinde Visburgii supra Orcynium Saltum. Back below the Semnones the Silingae have their seat, and below the Burguntae the Lugi Omani, below whom the Lugi Diduni up to Mt. Asciburgius; and below the Silingae the Calucones and the Camavi up to Mt. Melibocus, from whom to the east near the Albis river and above them, below Mt. Asciburgius, the Corconti and the Lugi Buri up to the head of the Vistula river; and below them first the Sidones, then the Cotini, then the Visburgii above the Orcynius valley. Rursus ad orientem ab Abnobaeis montibus sedes habent infra Suevos Casuari, deinde Nertereani, deinde Danduti, infra quos Turoni et Marvingi; infra Camavos Chattae et Tubanti, atque supra Sudetos montes Teuriochaemae, infra montes vero Varisti; deinde Gabreta Silva; et infra Marvingos Curiones, deinde Chaetuori, atque Danubio tenus Parmaecampi; infra Gabretam Silvam Marcomani, infra quos Sudini, et usque ad Danubium fluvium Adrabaecampi; infra Orcynium Saltum Quadi, infra quos ferri fodinae et Luna Silva, infra quam magna gens Baemorum Danubio tenus, et finitimi eis iuxta fluvium Racatriae quique ad fluminis flexiones habitant Racatae.   Oppida vero per Germaniam ponuntur in climate septentrionali haec: The following towns are found in Germany in the northern climate:   Phleum 28*45 54o45 Siatutanda 29*20 54o20 Tecelia 31*00 55o00 Fabiranum 31*30 55o20 Treva 33*00 55o40 Leufana 34*15 54o40 Lirimiris 34*30 55o30 Marionis 34*30 54o50 another Marionis 36*00 55o50 Coenoënum 36*20 55o30 Cistuia 37*20 54o30 Alisus 38*00 55o00 Laciburgium 39*00 56o00 Bunitium 39*30 55o30 Virunum 40*30 55o00 Viritium 41*00 54o30 Rugium 42*30 55o40 Scurgum 43*00 55o00 Ascaucalis 44*00 54o15   In climate infra illud sito oppida sunt haec: In the climate located below that one, there are the following towns:     [Batavodurum 27*15 52°30]   Asciburgium 27*30 52o30 Navalia 27*20 54o00 Mediolanium 28*45 53o50 Teuderium 29*20 53o20 Bogadium 30*15 52o00 Stereontium 31*00 52o10 Amisia 31*30 51o30 Munitium 31*40 52o30 Tulifurdum 32*00 54o00 Ascalingium 32*30 53o45 Tulisurgium 32*40 53o20 Pheugarum 32*40 52o15 Canduum 33*00 51o50 Tropaea Drusi  33*45 52o45 Luppia 34*30 52o45 Mersovium 35*30 53o50 Aregelia 36*30 52o20 Galaegia 37*30 52o20 Lupfurdum 38*10 51o40 Susudata 38*30 53o50 Colancorum 39*00 53o30 Lugidunum 39*30 52o30 Stragona 39*40 52o20 Limis lucus  41*00 53o30 Budorigum 41*00 52o40 Leucaristus 41*45 52o40 Arsonium 43*30 52o20 Calisia 43*45 52o50 Setidava 44*00 53o30   In the climate located below that one there are the following towns:   Alisum 28*00 51o30 Budoris 28*00 51o00 Mattiacum 30*00 50o50 Arctaunum 30*10 50o00 Novaesium 31*30 51o10 Melocabus 31*30 50o40 Gravionarium 31*30 50o10 Locoritum 31*30 49o20 Segodunum 31*30 49o00 Devona 32*30 48o45 Bergium 33*00 49o30 Menosgada 34*00 49o30 Bicurgium 34*30 51o15 Marobudum 35*00 49o00 Redintuinum 38*30 50o30 Nomisterium 39*00 51o00 Meliodunum 39*00 49o00 Casurgis 39*15 50o10 Strevinta 39*15 49o30 Hegetmatia 39*40 51o00 Budorgis 40*00 50o30 Eburum 41*00 49o30 Arsicua 41*40 49o00 Parienna 42*00 49o20 Setovia 42*30 50o00 Carrodunum 42*40 51o30 Asanca 43*00 50o20   In the remainder and near the Danube river these are the towns:   Tarodunum 28*20 47o50 Arae Flaviae 30*40 48o00 Riusiava 31*00 47o30 Alcimoënnis 32*30 47o30 Cantioebis 32*40 48o20 Bibacum 33*00 48o00 Brodentia 33*45 48o00 Setuacotum 34*00 48o20 Usbium 35*00 47o00 Abilunum 35*20 47o20 Furgisatis 36*00 48o00 Coridorgis 37*15 48o30 Mediolanium 38*00 47o10  Felicia 39*00 48o30 Eburodunum 39*00 48o00 Anduaetium 40*30 47o40 Celamantia 41*00 47o40 Singone 41*30 48o15 Anavum (Adiabum?) 41*20 47o30     There are three islands located above Germany at the mouths of the Albis, which are called Saxon, and the one in the middle is located at 31*00 57o20   Above the Cimbrian peninsula there are three other islands which are called the Alociae islands: the one in the middle is located at 37*00 59o20   East of the Cimbrian peninsula there are four islands called the Scandian islands, three of them smaller, of which the one in the middle has the following position: 41*30 58o00   but one of them very large and the most eastwards at the mouth of the river Vistula; its ends are located to the West 43*00 58o00 to the East 46*00 58o00 to the North 44*30 58o30 to the south 45*00 57o40   It is properly called Scandia itself; and its western region is inhabited by the Chaedini, its eastern region by the Favonae and the Firaesi, its northern region by the Finni, its southern region by the Gutae (Gautae) and the Dauciones, and its central region by the Levoni.   Lower Pannonia is terminated on the west by Upper Pannonia from that point where the Arabus river flows into the Danube, forming those borders to which we have referred; on the south by Illyria which extends from the indicated terminus as far as the bend in the Danube near which the Save river empties into it, the location of which is in 45*00 44°30 It is bounded on the north by that eastern part of the Danube river which is near the mouth of the Arabus and which flows into it, and as far as the mouth of the Save river, the description of this part of which is the following:   after the Arabus river the bend near Curta inº 42*00 47°00 the bend of the Danube river farthest north 42*30 48°00 where a river empties into it, which flowing toward the east through both Pannonias, takes its rise in two rivers coming down from the Cetius mountains which unite near Carrodunum, the more northern is the Savarias, the southern is called the Drave 44*20 45°40 there is a bend in the Danube river near Cornacum 44*20 45°15 a bend near Acumineumº 45*00 45°20 a bend near Rittium 45*30 45°00 where the Save river flows into the Danube, coming from the Cetius mountains running through both Pannonias first northward then eastward 45*00 44°30 The western parts of this province toward the north the Amantini inhabit, below these are the Hercuniates, then the Andiantes, then the Breuci; the eastern part toward the north the Aravisci inhabit, and toward the south are the Scordisci.   Below the Danube river are the towns   Curta 42*00 47°00 Solva 42*30 47°30 Carpis 42*30 47°50 Aquincum 43*00 47°30 Salinum 43*30 47°00 Lussonium 43*45 46°45 Lugionum 44*00 46°30 Teutoburgium 44*15 45°40 Cornacum 44*20 45°15 Acumineum, legio 45*00 45°20 Rittium 45*30 45°00 Taururum 45*00 44°30   Remote from the river are:   Berbis 42*00 46°00 Serbinum 41*20 46°30 Jouballum 42*20 46°00 Certissa 42*20 45°20 Mursella 43*00 46°00 Cibalis 43*00 45°30 Marsonia 43*00 45°00 Vacontium 43*30 46°30 Mursia colonia 43*30 45°45 Sallis 44*00 44°40 Bassiana 44*30 44°50 Tarsium 44*30 44°35 Sirmium 44*50 45°00   Illyria is terminated on the north by both Pannonias along those borders which we have referred to above; on the west by Istria along that line, one terminus of which is toward Upper Pannonia in 36*30 45°10 the other on the Adriatic in 36*30 44°50 It is bounded on the east by Upper Moesia along the line which leads from the indicated entrance of the Save into the Danube as far as the Scardus mountains, the terminal position of which is in 47*00 41°40 It is bounded on the south by the part of Macedonia along that line which runs from the indicated terminus to the Adriatic bay, the other terminus of which is in 45*00 41°00 and then by the coast of the Adriatic to the indicated terminus near Istria. The several parts of its boundaries are in the following order: after Istria then the land of Italia. In Illyria:   The maritime shore of Liburnia Alvona 36*50 45°00 Flanona 37*00 44°50 Tarsatica 37*40 44°45 mouth of the Oeneus river 38*00 44°45 Volcera 38*30 44°45 Senia 39*00 44°40 Lopsica 39*15 44°40 mouth of the Tedanius river 39*20 44°30 Ortopla 40*00 44°30 Vegia 40*20 44°30 Argyruntum 40*45 44°10 Corinium 41*10 44°00 Aenona 41*30 44°00 Iader colonia 42*00 43°45 mouth of the Titus river 42*20 43°10 Scardona 42*40 43°30 Maritime shore of Dalmatia Sicum 43*00 43°20 Salonae colonia 43*20 43°10 Epetium 43*40 43°00 Pituntium 44*00 42°45 Onaeum 44*00 42°30 mouth of the Naronus river 44*30 42°20 Epidaurus 44*40 42°20 Rhisium 44*40 42°15 Acruvium 44*45 42°00 Rhizonicus bay 45*00 42°00 Butua 45*00 41°45 Ulcinium 45*00 41°30 mouth of the Drilo river 45*00 41°20 Lissus 45*00 41°10 The river Drilo flows from the Scardus mountains and from that other mountain which is near the middle of Upper Moesia, the location of which is in 45*40 42°40 From this another river, the Drinus, joining the Save river, empties into it on the west of the town Tauruno. The Ispydes, the Hyllaei and the Bulimenses inhabit this Istrian province bordering on the seacoast; above these in Liburnia toward the west are the Mazaei, then the Derriopes and the Derri, and above the Derriopes are the Dindari, above these are the Ditiones, and above the Derri are the Cerauni; in Dalmatia are the Daursi, below whom are the Melcomenii and the Vardaei, below these are the Narensi and the Sardiotae and below these are the Siculotae, the Docleatae, the Pirustae, and the Scirtones near Macedonia. The inland towns of Liburnia are:   Tediastum 39*00 44°50 Aruccia 39*30 44°45 Ardotium 40*00 44°50 Stulpi 39*30 44°40 Curcum 40*30 44°30 Ausancali 41*30 44°45 Varvaria 41*10 44°10 Salvia 41*20 44°40 Adra 42*30 44°40 Arauzona 42*30 44°20 Assesia 42*15 44°20 Burnum 42*45 44°20 Sidrona 43*30 44°30 Blanona 42*10 44°00 Ouporum 43*00 44°00 Nedinum 44*30 44°15 The inland towns of Dalmatia are:   Andecrium 43*30 43°30 Aleta 44*00 43°10 Herona 44*20 43°45 Delminium 44*40 43°20 Aequum colonia 44*30 43°20 Saloniana 45*00 43°20 Narona colonia 44*20 42°45 Enderum 45*30 42°50 Chinna 45*40 42°30 Doclea 45*20 42°15 Rhizana 45*15 42°00 Scodra 45*30 41°30 Thermidava 46*00 41°45 Siparuntum 46*30 42°10 Epicaria 45*30 41°15 Iminacium 46*00 41°20 The islands near Liburnia are Apsorrus, in which are two towns Crepsa 36*40 44°30 Apsorrus 36*50 44°30 and Curicta, in which are two towns Fulfinium 38*10 44°20 Curicum 38*20 44°15 and the island Scardona, in which are two towns Arba 40*40 43°40 Collentum 41*40 43°30 Near Dalmatia are the islands Issa and the town 42*20 43°00 Tragurium and town 43*00 42°15 Pharia and town 42*00 42°20 Corcyra Nigra 44*00 41°45 Melita island 44*10 41°20   Italy is terminated on the west by the Alps mountains along that line, which runs, as is set down, from the Adula mountains as far as the mouth of the Varus river, the location of which is in 27*30 43°00 then from the shore of the Tyrrhenian sea to Neapolis and to the Leucopetra promontory; on the north by the Alps mountains, which are below Raetia, and by the Caravancas mountains, which are below Noricum, the location of which has been indicated above, and likewise by the shore of the Adriatic bay which extends from the Tilaventus river to the Garganus mountains; on the east by that maritime coast which extends from Garganus mountains as far as Hydruntum; on the south by the shore of the Adriatic bay which extends from the Tilaventus river as far as the confines of Illyria, and by that coast of the Tyrrhenian and the Ligurian sea, which extends from the mouth of the Varus river as far as Neapolis, then along the seacoast from Leucopetra as far as Hydruntum.   The entire line of the seacoast is thus described from the mouth of the Varus river on the Ligurian sea:   On the coast of the Massilienses Nicaea 28*00 43°05 Herculis harbor 28*15 42°45 Tropaea Augusti 28*30 42°30 Monoeci harbor 28*40 42°40 of Liguria, which in Greek is called Ligustice, near the Ligurian sea Albintimilium 29*10 42°45 Albingaunum 29*30 42°45 Genua 30*00 42°50 mouth of the Entella river 30*30 42°50 Tigullia 30*35 42°55 mouth of the Macralla 31*50 42°45 where the Boacias flows into it 31*30 43°00 of the Tusci who in Greek are called Tyrrhini, near the Tyrrhenian sea, are:   Luna 32*00 42°45 Luna promontory 32*00 42°40 Temple of Hercules 32*40 42°45 mouth of the Arnus river 33*20 42°40 Populonium town 33*30 42°00 Populonium promontory 33*30 42°00 Portus Trojanusº 34*00 42°10 Telamon promontory 34*15 42°00 mouth of the Osa river 34*30 42°00 Cossae 35*00 41°55 Graviscae 35*20 41°45 Castrum Novum 35*40 41°40 Pyrgi 36*00 41°40 Alsium 36*15 41°40 of the Latini on the Tyrrhenian sea mouth of the Tiber river 36*30 41°30 where the river turns toward the west 36*30 42°00 Ostia 33*30 41°30 Antium 36*50 41°20 Clostra 37*10 41°20 Circaeum promontory 37*30 41°10 Tarracinae 37*45 41°15 Formiae 38*10 41°15 of the Campani, on the Tyrrhenian sea mouth of the Liris river 38*20 41°15 Sinuessa 38*30 41°20 Volturnum 38*45 41°05 Liternum 39*10 41°10 Cumae 39*20 41°10 Misenum 39*30 41°00 Puteoli 39*50 41°00 Neapolis 40*00 40°55 of the Picentini, on the Tyrrhenian sea mouth of the Sarnus river 40*05 40°55 Surentum 40*00 40°40 Salernum 40*00 40°30 of the Lucani, on the Tyrrhenian sea mouth of the Silarus river 40*05 40°15 Paestum 40*10 40°00 Buxentum 40*00 39°30 of the Bruttii, on the Tyrrhenian sea mouth of the Laus river 40*00 39°15 Tempsa town 40*00 39°00 Taurianus cliff 40*10 38°15 a Hipponiates bay 40*20 39°45 Scyllaeum promontory 39*50 38°15 Rhegium Julium 39*50 39°15 Leucopetra promontory 39*50 38°00 of Magna Graecia, on the Adriatic sea Zephyrium promontory 40*45 39°05 Locri town 40*50 38°25 mouth of the Locani river 40*55 38°35 on Scylacius bay Scylacium town 40*45 39°40 Innermost part of Scylacium bay 40*45 39°45 Lacinium promontory 41*30 38°45 on the bay of Tarentum Croton town 41*30 39°10 Thurium 40*55 39°30 Metapontium 40*55 39°55 Tarentum 41*30 40°00 of the Salentini Iapygium promontory or Salentinum 42*20 38°45 of Calabria, on the Ionian sea Hydruntum 43*00 39°05 Luspiae 42*40 39°15 Brundisium 42*30 39°40 of the Apuli Peucenti, on the Ionian sea Egnatia 42*30 39°50 Barium 42*30 40°05 mouth of the Aufidus river 42*30 40°15 of the Apuli Dauni, on the Ionian sea Salapia 42*20 40°20 Sipuntum 42*20 40°30 Apenestae 42*20 40°45 Garganus mountain 42*40 41°00 and near the Adriatic bay, Hyrium 42*30 41°15 of the Frentani on this bay mouth of the Tifernus river 42*00 41°30 Buca 41*40 41°40 Istonium 41*30 41°45 of the Paeligni on the same mouth of the Sarusº river 41*20 42°00 Ortona 40*45 42°15 of the Maurrucini on the same bay mouth of the Aternus river 40*30 42°30 mouth of the Matrinus river 39*20 42°45 of the Piceni on the same bay Castrum 38*30 43°00 Cupra Maritima 38*00 43°10 mouth of the Truentini river 37*40 43°20 Potentia 37*15 43°30 Numana 36*50 43°40 Ancona 36*30 43°40 of the Semnones on the same bay mouth of the Aesis river 36*20 43°40 Sena Gallica 36*00 43°40 Fanum Fortunae 35*40 43°45 Pisaurum 35*20 43°45 Ariminum 35*00 43°50 of the Boii Galli on the same bay mouth of the Rubicon river 34*55 43°55 Ravenna 34*40 44°00 mouth of the Padus river 34*45 44°00 where a river flows from Lario lake 29*20 44°45 where it forms one with the Dorias river 30*40 43°45 where the Dorias river flows from the Poenus lake 28*45 43°45 where a river flows into the Padus rising in Baenacus lake 31*45 43°30 position of this lake 30*30 45°00   Above the mouth of the Padus river, on the coast of Venetia mouth of the Atrianus river 34*00 44°10 of the Carni on the Adriatic at the innermost bend of the sea mouth of the Tilaventus river 33*00 44°50 mouth of the Natisonis river 34*00 44°50 Istria where next to the innermost bend of the sea are:   Tergestrum colonia 34*30 44°55 mouth of the Formionis river 35*00 44°55 Parentium 35*20 44°55 Pola 36*00 44°40 Nesactum 36*15 44°55 The interior towns of Istria Pacinum 34*45 45°00 Piquentum 35*30 45°05 Alvum 36*00 45°00 Interior towns of the Carni Forum Julium colonia 32*50 44°55 Concordia colonia 33*15 44°55 Aquileia colonia 34*00 45°00 Interior towns of Venetia Vicentia 32*10 44°30 Belunum 32*30 44°40 Acelum 32*30 44°30 Opitergium 32*40 44°45 Ateste 32*40 44°15 Patavium 32*50 44°30 Altinum 33*15 44°25 Atria 34*10 44°05   Towns of the Cenomani who are below Venetia Bergomum 32*00 44°20 Forum Jutuntorum 31*45 44°00 Brixia 32*30 44°10 Cremona colonia 32*00 43°40 Verona 33*00 44°00 Mantua 32*45 43°40 Tridente 33*40 43°45 Butrium 34*00 43°50   Towns of the Beluni, who are toward the west of Venetia Vaunia 31*00 44°40 Carraca 31*20 44°40 Bretina 31*40 44°45 Anaunium 31*30 44°30   Towns of the Insubres, who are toward the west from the Cenomani Nobaria 30*30 44°30 Mediolanium 30*40 44°15 Comum 31*00 44°20 Ticinum 31*00 44°00   Towns of the Salassi, who are below the Insubres Augusta Praetoria colonia 30*00 44°00 Eporedia 33*15 43°50   Towns of the Taurini who are below the Salassi Augusta Taurinorum 30*30 43°40 Augusta Bagiennorum 29*30 43°20 Iria 30*00 43°20 Dertona 30*30 43°20   Towns of the Libici, who are below the Insubres Vercellae 30*45 43°50 Laumellum 31*30 43°40   Towns of the Ceutrones in the Graian Alps Forum Claudii 29*00 44°55 Axima 29*45 44°55   Town of the Leponti, which is in the Cottian Alps Oscela 29*00 44°40   Town of the Caturiges in the Graian Alps Eburodunum 29*40 44°30   Towns of the Segusani in the Graian Alps Segusium 28*30 43°55 Brigantium 29*00 44°05   Town of the Nerusi in the Maritime Alps Vintium 28*30 43°40   Town of the Suetri in the Maritime Alps Salinae 28*30 43°20   Towns of the Vedianti in the Maritime Alps Cemenelum 28*30 43°05 Sanitium 28*30 42°50 The Appennine mountains are located not far above Liguria beginning at the Alps, and from Liguria extending as far as Ancona, then turning they approach the Adriatic, and extend as far as the Garganus mountains, then turning they extend toward the south to Leucopetra promontory. Liguria, which is located below the Appennine mountains, has the following interior towns:   Sabata 29*20 43°00 Pollentia 29*40 43°00 Asta colonia 30*20 43°05 Alba Pompeia 30*40 43°10 Libarna 31*00 43°10 Gallia Togata is located above those mountains, extending as far as Ravenna, and it has these towns:   Placentia 31*20 43°30 Fidentia 31*40 43°30 Brixellum 32*00 43°20 Parma (colonia) 32*00 43°30 Rhegium Lepidum (colonia) 32*30 43°30 Nuceria 32*30 43°20 Tanetum 33*20 43°40 Mutina 33*00 43°40 Bononia 33*30 43°30 Claterna 33*50 43°30 Forum Cornelii 34*15 43°30 Caesena 34*40 43°40 Faventia 34*20 43°45   Towns of the Tusci in the interior Biracellum 31*45 43°10 Fossae Papirianae 32*00 42°50 Bondelia 32*30 42°50 Luca 33*00 43°10 Lucus Feroniae colonia 32*25 42°55 Pistoria 33*20 43°00 Florentia 33*50 43°00 Pisae colonia 33*30 42°45 Volaterrae 33*45 42°40 Rusellae 33*30 42°20 Faesulae 34*00 43°00 Perusia 35*20 43°30 Arretium 34*40 42°45 Cortona 35*00 42°40 b Aculea 34*40 43°00 Biturgia 35*00 42°55 Manliana 34*30 42°40 Vetulonium 34*00 42°30 Sena 34*20 42°30 Suana 34*50 42°25 Saturniana colonia 34*00 42°20 Eba 34*30 42°15 Volci 34*40 42°10 Clusium 34*40 42°20 Volsinium 35*00 42°20 Sudernum 35*30 42°05 Ferentia 35*30 42°20 Sutrium 36*00 42°10 Tarquinia 35*15 42°00 Blera 35*40 41°55 Forum Clodii 35*55 41°55 Nepeta 36*00 41°50 Falerium 36*30 41°55 Caere 36*20 41°50   Towns of the Semnones in the interior Suasa 35*30 43°40 Ostra 36*00 43°30   Towns of the Piceni, in the interior Treja 36*30 42°25 Urbs Salvia 36*55 43°20 Septempeda 36*50 43°30 Cupra Montana 37*30 43°10 Firmium 37*30 42°55 Asculum 38*20 42°50 Adria 38*45 42°50 Towns of the Umbri, who are above the Tusci Pitinum 34*40 43°15 Tifernum 34*40 43°25 Forum Sempronii 34*50 43°30 Iguvium 35*00 43°05 Aesis 35*20 43°20 Tuficum 35*30 43°05 Sentinum 36*30 42°50 Aesisium 35*20 42°45 Camerinum 36*00 43°00 Nuceria colonia 35*50 42°40   Towns of the Umbri who are toward the east of the Tusci Arna 35*30 42°40 Hispellum 35*40 42°30 Tuder 35*50 42°20 Forum Flaminii 36*00 42°40 Spoletium 36*20 42°45 Mevania 36*15 42°30 Ameria 36*30 42°15 Narnia 36*30 42°30 Ocricolum 36*45 42°10   Town of the Sabini, who are toward the east of the Umbri, Nursia 36*45 42°50   Towns of the Aequiculi, who are east of the Sabini Cliternum 37*30 42°40 Carsioli 37*20 42°20   Towns of the Marsi, who are toward the east from the Aequiculi Aex 37*40 42°30 Alba Fucinis 38*0 42°20   Towns of the Praetuti, who are toward the east from the Marsi Beregra 38*30 42°30 Interamnia 38*20 42°20   Towns of the Vestini, who are toward the east from the Praetuti Pinna 39*00 42°40 Avia 39*00 42°25 Amiternum 39*00 42°15 Angulus 39*30 42°30   Town of the Marucini in the interior Teatea 39*45 42°30   Towns of the Latini in the interior Rome 36*40 41°40 (12*29 41o53) Tibur 36*50 42°00 Praeneste 37*30 41°55 Tusculum 36*50 41°45 Aricia 37*00 41°40 Ardea 36*45 41°30 Nomentum 37*30 42°05 Treba 37*30 41°45 Anagnia 37*20 41°40 Velitra 37*30 41°30 Lanuvium 37*15 41°25 Atina 38*15 42°00 Fidenae 38*00 41°55 Frusino 37*50 41°45 Ferentinum 38*00 41°40 Privernum 37*45 41°35 Setia 38*00 41°30 Aquinum 38*50 41°55 Sora 38*20 41°40 Minturna colonia 38*20 41°25 Fundi 38*10 41°20   Towns of the Peligni in the interior Corfinium 40*00 42°20 Sulmo 40*30 42°00   Towns of the Frentani in the interior Anxanum 41*10 41°55 Larinum 41*30 41°30   Town of the Caraceni, who are below the Frentani Aufidena 40*40 41°45   Towns of the Samnites, who are below the Peligni and the Caraceni Bovianum 39*05 42°00 Aesernia 39*00 41°40 Saepinum 39*40 41°50 Allifa 40*00 41°45 Tuticum 40*10 41°40 Telesia 40*30 41°20 Beneventum 41*00 41°20 Caudium 41*20 41°05   Towns of the Campani in the interior Venafrum 38*40 41°40 Teanum 39*00 41°30 Suessa 38*40 41°25 Cales 39*20 41°30 Casilinum 39*15 41°20 Trebula 39*35 41°30 Forum Pompilii 39*45 41°15 Capua 40*00 41°10 Abella 40*20 41°10 Atella 40*10 41°05   Towns of the Picentini in the interior Nola 40*15 40°45 Nuceria colonia 40*30 40°40   Towns of the Lucani in the interior Ulci 40*40 40°30 Compsa 40*30 40°20 Potentia 40*40 40°15 Blanda 40*20 40°10 Grumentum 40*35 39°45   Towns of the Irpini, who are toward the east from the Picentini and the Lucani Aquilonia 41*00 41°05 Abellinum 40*50 40°45 Aeculanum 41*20 40°45 Fratuolum 41*00 40°20   Towns of the Apuli Dauni in the interior Teanum 40*41c 41°25 Nuceria Apulorum 41*30 41°00 Vibarna 42*00 41°00 Arpi 41*40 41°15 Erdonia 41*40 40°40 Canusium 42*05 40°30   Towns of the Apuli Peuciti in the interior Venusia 41*40 40°25 Celia 42*10 40°00   Towns of the Bruttii in the interior Numistro 40*20 39°10 Consentia 40*40 38°10 Vibo Valentia 40*15 38°55   Towns of Magna Graecia in the interior Petelia 40*45 39°00 Abrystum 40*45 39°25   Towns of the Salentini in the interior Rudia 41*50 39°45 Neretum 42*00 39°35 Aletium 42*00 39°20 Bausta 42*15 39°15 Exentum 42*00 39°10 Veretum 42*20 39°00   Towns of Calabria in the interior Sturni 42*30 39°20 Uretum 42*30 39°10 Islands which are near Italy in the Ligurian sea Aethale island 30*40 42°00 Capraria island 32*00 42°00 Ilva island 33*00 42°00 These are the islands in the Tyrrhenian sea Planasia island 34*00 41°00 Pontia island 37*20 40°45 Pandataria island 37*50 40°45 Partenope island 38*20 40°45 Prochyte island 38*45 40°40 Pithecussa island 39*20 40°30 Caprea island 39*20 40°10 Sirenussae islands 39*30 39°55 In the Ionian sea there are five islands which are called Diomedeae located in 43*40 40°20 Cyrnus island, which is also called Corsica, is surrounded on the west and the north by the Ligurian sea, on the east by the Tyrrhenian sea, and on the south by that sea which lies between it and the Sardinian island. The seacoast of this island, if we begin in the middle on the north side, is described in this order:   mouth of the Volerius river 30*40 41°00 Caesia coast 30*30 41°10 Tilox promontory 30*00 41°30 Description of the west coast:   Attii promontory 30*00 41°10 Casalus bay 30*15 40°45 ? a Viriballum promontory 30*10 40°30 mouth of the Circidius river 30*10 40°25 Rhoetius mountains 30*00 40°20 Rhium promontory 30*00 40°15 Urcinium town 30*10 40°10 Arenosum coast 30*15 40°00 mouth of the Locra river 30*10 39°55 Pauca town 30*15 39°45 mouth of the Ticarius river 30*15 39°40 Titianus harbor 30*10 39°35 Description of the south coast:   Ficaria town 30*30 39°30 mouth of the Pitanus river 30*45 39°20 Marianum promontory and town 31*00 39°10 Description of the east coast:   Palla town 31*20 39°20 Syracusanus harbor 31*20 39°25 Rubra town 31*20 39°30 Granianum promontory 31*30 39°40 Alista town 31*20 39°45 Philonii harbor 31*30 39°55 mouth of the Sacer river 31*30 40°00 Aleria colonia 31*30 40°05 mouth of the Rotanus river 31*30 40°10 Diana harbor 31*20 40°20 Tutela altar 31*30 40°30 mouth of the Guola river 31*30 40°35 Mariana town 31*40 40°40 Vagum promontory 31*30 40°45 Mantinon town 31*20 41°00 Clunium town 31*20 41°10 Description of the northeast coast:   Sacrum promontory 31*30 41°35 Centurinum town 31*15 41°30 Canelata town 31*00 41°20 The native races inhabiting the island are the following: the Cervini, occupying the western part above the Aureus mountains and the location is 30*45 40°45   Below these are the Tarabeni; then the Titiani; next the Balatini; more to the north are the Vanacini; below whom are the Celebenses; then the Licmini and the Macrini; below whom are the Opini; then the Symbri and the Coymaseni; below these but more toward the south are the Subasani. The towns in the interior are:   Ropicum 30*15 41°00 Cersunum 30*30 41°00 Palanta 30*20 40°45 Lurinum 31*00 40°45 Aluca 30*20 40°30 Osincum 30*30 40°30 Sermigium 30*20 40°20 Talcinum 30*45 40°30 Venicium 30*50 40°20 Cenestum 31*00 40°15 Opinum 31*20 40°25 Mora 30*30 40°00 Matisa 30*45 39°35 Albiana 31*00 39°30   The island of Sardinia is bordered on the east by the Tyrrhenian sea, on the south by the African sea, on the west by the Sardinian sea, on the north by that sea which is between it and the island of Cyrnum. The seacoast of this island is thus described:   Description of the west coast:   Gorditanum promontory 29*50 38°45 Tilium town 30*00 38°40 Nymphaeus harbor 30*10 38°30 Hermaeum promontory 30*00 38°15 mouth of the Temus river 30*15 38°00 Coracodes harbor 30*20 37°35 Tarrae town 30*20 37°20 mouth of the Thyrsus river 30*30 37°10 Usellis town, colonia 30*30 36°55 mouth of the Sacer river 30*30 36°40 Osaea town 30*30 36°30 Sardopatoris temple 30*30 36°20 Neapolis 30*40 36°30 Crassum promontory 30*40 36°00 Description of the southern side:   Pupulum town 30*50 35°40 Solci town 31*10 35°50 Solci harbor 31*15 35°50 Chersonesus 31*30 35°45 Bioea a harbor 31*40 35°50 Bioea a town 31*45 35°50 Herculis harbor 32*00 35°50 Nora town 32*00 35°55 Resounding coast 32*05 35°55 Cuniocharum promontory 32*15 35°55 Description of the eastern side:   Caralis town and promontory 32*30 36°00 Caralitanus bay 32*10 36°20 Susaleos village 31*55 36°40 mouth of the Saeprus river 32*00 37°00 Supicius harbor 31*50 37°30 mouth of the Caedris river 32*00 38°00 Feronia town 31*45 38°10 Olbia town 31*40 38°30 Olbianus harbor 31*40 38°45 Columbarium promontory 31*45 39°00 Ursi promontory 31*45 39°10 Description of the northeast coast:   Errebantium promontory 31*30 39°20 Pluvium town 31*30 39°05 Juliola town 31*10 b 39°00 Tibula town 30*40 38°50 Turris Libisonis, town 30*15 38°50 The Tibulati and the Corsi inhabit the parts of the island farthest north; below whom are the Coracenses; then the Carenses and the Cunusitani; below whom are the Salcitani and the Lucuidonenses; then the Aesaronenses; below whom are the Cornenses or Aechilenses; then the Rucensi; below whom are the Celsitani and the Corpicenses; then the Scapitani and the Siculensi; below whom are the Neapolitani and the Valentini; and farthest south are the Solcitani and the Noritani. The towns in the interior are:   Erycinum 31*00 38°40 Heraeum 31*30 38°40 Gurulis vetus 30*30 38°30 Bosa 30*30 38°15 Macopsisa 31*15 38°15   Below these towns are:   the Insani mountains 31*00 38°00 Gurulis nova 30*30 37°50 Saralapis 31*15 37°45 Cornus 30*30 37°45 Aquae Hypsitanae 30*40 37°15 Aquae Lesitanae 31*30 36°45 Lesa 31*30 36°35 Aquae Neapolitanae 31*45 36°10 Valentia town 31*55 36°30 The islands around Sardinia are:   Phintonis island 30*40 39°15 Ilva island 30*30 39°20 Nymphaea island 29*45 38°30 Herculis island 29*20 39°00 Diabate island 29*30 38°45 Accipitrum island 30*00 35°45 Plumbaria island 30*30 35°30 Ficaria island 33*00 39°00 Hermaea island 33*00 37°20   Sicily is surrounded on the west and the north by the Tyrrhenian sea, on the south by the African sea, on the east by the Adriatic sea. The seacoast of this island is thus described:   the central part of the north side, which, terminating in a point, and more toward the north, is called Pelorus promontory 39*40 38°35   A description of the west side on the Tyrrhenian sea:   Phalacrum promontory 39*10 38°30 Mylae 39*00 38°30 a mouth of the Helicon river 38*50 38°25 Tyndarium 38*30 38°20 mouth of the Thymethus river 39*20 38°20 Agathyrnum 38*00 38°15 Alontium 37*50 38°10 mouth of the Chyda river 37*45 38°05 Calacta 37*40 37°55 Alaesa 37*40 37°45 mouth of the Monalus 37*30 37°45 Cephaloedis 37*20 37°40 mouth of the Himera river 37*15 37°20   Town of Therma Himera 37*05 37°15 Solus town 37*00 37°20 mouth of the Eleutherus 37*00 37°05 Panormus 37*00 37°00 Cetaria 37*00 36°45 mouth of the Bathis river 37*00 36°40 Emporium Segestanum 37*00 36°30 Drepanum 36*55 36°30 Aegitharsus promontory 36*50 36°15   Description of the southern side toward the African sea Lilybaeum city and promontory 37*00 36°00 mouth of the Acithius river 37*10 36°05 Mazaras 37*20 36°15 Selinuntis 37*30 b 36°15 Pintia 37*40 36°20 Sossius 37*50 36°20 Isburus 38*05 36°25 Heraclea 38*20 36°25 Hypsa 38*30 36°25 Agrigentinum Emporium 38*50 36°25 Himera 39*00 36°20 Hipparus 39*15 36°20 Bruca promontory 39*20 36°20 Caucana harbor 39*30 36°15 Motycanus 39*40 36°20 Ulixia promontory 39*50 36°15 Description of the eastern shorte on the Adriatic sea Pachynus promontory 40*00 36°20 Phoenicus harbor 39*45 36°30 Erinous 39*45 36°40 Longum promontory 39*50 36°45 Chersonesus 39*40 36°55 Syracusa colonia 39*30 37°30 Alabus 39*25 37°20 Taurus promontory 39*30 37°30 Pantacius 39*25 37°35 Symaethus 39*35 37°40 Catana colonia 39*30 37°45 Argennum promontory 39*30 37°50 Tauromenium colonia 39*30 38°10 Messena in the strait 39*30 38°30 The mountains in the island, which are well known, are:   Aetna 39*00 38°00 Cratos 37*40 36°40   The Messeni occupy the northern part of this island, the Herbitae and Catanei the middle, and the southern part the Segestani and Syracusi inhabit. The inland towns of Sicily are:   Capytium 38*20 38°15 Abacaena 39*00 38°15 Imachara 38*30 38°00 Tissa 38*50 38°00 Aleta 37*50 37°50 Centuripa 38*30 37°50 Dymethus 38*50 37°50 Aetna 39*25 37°45 Agurium 38*15 37°40 Herbita 37*40 37°30 Sergentium (Ergetium) 38*30 37°30 Hydia 38*45 37°30 Leontium 39*00 37°30 Erbessus 37*50 37°20 Neetum 38*20 37°25 Menae 38*50 37°25 Paciorus 37*20 37°10 Assorus 37*40 37°20 Enna 38*05 37°15 Megara 39*15 37°15 Petra 38*40 37°05 Hybla 38*20 37°00 Engyum 39*00 37°00 Cotyrga 38*20 36°50 Macyrum 38*40 36°50 Acrae 39*15 36°40 Macella 37*15 36°40 Schera 37*30 36°50 Triocala 38*00 36°45 Agrigentum 38*30 36°40 Motyca 39*25 36°40 Segesta 37*05 36°30 Letum 37*30 36°30 Entella 37*45 36°30 Ancrina 38*10 36°35 Phthinthia 38*40 36°30 Gela 39*00 36°30 Camarina 39*20 36°25 Elorus 39*40 36°30 Ina 39*30 36°25 Helcethium 37*15 36°15   And the islands located around Sicily and near it are:   Didyme island 39*00 39°00 Hicesia island 39*30 39°00 Ericodes island 38*20 38°45 Phoenicodes island 38*30 38°50 Vulcani island 38*50 38°35 Lipara island and town 39*00 38°45 Euonymos island 39*10 38°45 Strongyle island 39*30 38°45 Ustica island and town 37*30 38°45 Osteodes island 36*15 37°00 Phorbantia island 36*00 36°20 Aegusa island 36*15 36°05 Hiera island 36*00 36°00 Paconia island 36*30 35°50 Aeoli island 37*00 39°00   European Sarmatia is terminated on the north by the Sarmatian ocean adjoining the Venedicus bay and by a part of the unknown land, a description of which is the following:   mouth of the Chronus river 50*00 56°00 mouth of the Rubonis river 53*00 57°00 mouth of the Turuntus river 56*00 58°30 mouth of the Chesinus river 58*30 59°30 The terminus of its seacoast is located on that parallel extending thru Thule, which parallel is the terminus of the known sea 62*00 63°00 The terminus of Sarmatia, which extends southward thru the sources of the Tanais river is 64*00 63°00   It is terminated in the west by the Vistula river and by that part of Germania lying between its source and the Sarmatian mountains but not by the mountains themselves, the position of which has been indicated; on the south by Iazyges Metanastae then from the southern terminus of the Sarmatian mountains to the beginning of the Carpathian mountains which is in 46*00 48°30 and by the following part of Dacia along that parallel up to the mouth of the Borysthenes river, and the shore of the Pontus which is near the Carcinitus river; then along the seacoast are:   mouth of the Borysthenes river 57*30 48°30 mouth of the Hypanis river 58*00 48°30 Hecates forest, promontory 58*30 47°45 Isthmus of Cursus Achilles 59*00 47°40 The western promontory of the Isthmus of Achilles is called Sacred promontory 57*50 47°30 The eastern promontory is called Mysaris promontory 59*45 47°30 Cephalonensus 59*45 47°50 Pulcher harbor 59*30 47°45 Tamyrace 59*20 48°30 mouth of the Carcinitus river 59*40 48°30   Next is the isthmus separating the Tauric peninsula, the terminus of which is on the Carcinitus bay in the position 60*20 48°20 which is near Lake Byce 60*30 48°30 On the east Sarmatia is bounded by the isthmus which is near the Carcinitus river, which is near Lake Byce 60*30 48°30 Maeotis which extends as far as the Tanais river, then by the Tanais river, and by the line which extends from the sources of the Tanais river toward the unknown land as far as the indicated terminus. This side is thus described from the isthmus which is near the Carcinitus river and along Lake Maeotis:   Neontichus 60*30 48°40 mouth of the Pasiacus river 60*20 49°30 Lianum town 60*00 49°15 mouth of the Byce river 60*20 49°30 Acra town 60*30 49°40 mouth of the Gerrhus river 61*00 49°50 Cnema town 62*30 49°45 Agarum promontory 63*00 49°40 mouth of the Agarus river 62*30 50°30 Dark woodland, Piscatura Dei 62*40 51°15 mouth of the Lycus river 63*00 51°30 Hygres town 63*30 52°30 mouth of the Poritus river 64*30 53°00 Caroca village 65*00 53°30 western mouth of the Tanais river 66*20 54°20 eastern mouth 67*00 54°30 Bend of the river 72*30 56°00 Source of the river 64*00 58°00   Above this the terminus, which I have mentioned, near the unknown land, the location of which is 64*00 63°00 Sarmatia is divided by other mountains, which are called Peuce mountains 51*00 51°00 Amadoci mountains 55*00 51°00 Bodinus mountains 58*00 55°00 Alanus mountains 62*30 55°00 Carpathian mountains as we call them 46*00 48°30 Venedici mountains 47*30 55°00 Ripaei, the middle of which is in 63*00 57°30 The part of the Borysthenes river which is near Amodoca lake is in 53*30 50°20 The source of the Borysthenes river more toward the north is in 52*00 53°00 Of the rivers which are below the Borysthenes the Tyras separates parts of Dacia and Sarmatia at the bend which is located in 53*00 48°30 The Axiaces river flows thru Sarmatia not far above Dacia, and from the Carpathian mountains. The Greater Venedae races inhabit Sarmatia along the entire Venedicus bay; and above Dacia are the Peucini and the Basternae; and along the entire coast of Maeotis are the Iazyges and the Rhoxolani; more toward the interior from these are the Amaxobii and the Scythian Alani. Lesser races inhabit Sarmatia near the Vistula river.   Below the Venedae are the Gythones, then the Finni, then the Sulones; below whom are the Phrungundiones; then the Avarini near the source of the Vistula river; below these are the Ombrones, then the Anartophracti, then the Burgiones, then the Arsietae, then the Saboci, then the Piengitae and the Biessi near the Carpathian mountains. Among those we have named to the east: below the Venedae are the Galindae, the Sudini, and the Stavani, extending as far as the Alauni; below these are the Igylliones, then the Coestoboci and the Transmontani extending as far as the Peuca mountains. Back from the Ocean, near the Venedicus bay, the Veltae dwell, above whom are the Ossi; then more toward the north the Carbones and toward the east are the Careotae and the Sali; below whom are the Gelones, the Hippopodes and the Melanchlaeni; below these are the Agathyrsi; then the Aorsi and the Pagyritae; then the Savari and the Borusci to the Ripaeos mountains; then the Acibi and the Nasci; below whom are the Vibiones and the Idrae; and below the Vibiones bordering on the Alauni are the Sturni, and between the Alauni and the Amaxobii are the Cariones and the Sargati; near the bend of the Tanis river are the Ophlones and then the Tanaitae; below whom are the Osili extending as far as Rhoxolanis; between the Amaxobii and the Rhoxolani are the Rheucanali and the Exobygitae; and between the Peucini and the Basternae are the Carpiani, above whom are the Gevini, then the Bodini; between the Basternae and the Rhoxolani are the Chuni, and below the mountains named from these are the Amadoci and the Navari. Near Lake Byce dwell the Toreccadae, and near Achilles Cursus the Tauroscythae; below the Basternae near Dacia are the Tigri and below these are the Tyrangitae. Below the bend of the Tanais river are located:   the Altars of Alexander 63*00 57°00 and the Altars of Caesar 68*00 56°30 and on the shore of the river is Tanais town 67*00 54°40 The inland towns in the river regions around the Carcinitus river are:   Carcina town 59*30 48°45 Torocca 58*30 49°00 Pasyris 58*30 49°10 Ercabum 58*30 49°15 Tracana 58*30 49°45 Navarum 58*30 50°00 Along the Borysthenes river are:   Azagarium 56*00 50°40 Amadoca 56*00 50°30 Sarum 56*00 50°15 Serimum 57*00 50°00 Metropolis 56*30 49°30 Olbia or Borysthenes 57*00 49°00   Above the Axiaces river, Ordessus 57*00 48°30 And near the river which flows into the Borysthenes:   Leinum town 54*00 50°15 Sarbacum 55*00 50°00 Niossum 56*00 49°40   Above the Tyras river near Dacia:   Carrodunum 49*30 48°40 Maetonium 51*00 48°30 Clepidava 52*30 48°40 Vibantavarium 53*30 48°40 Eractum 53*50 48°40 The island located near the mouth of the Tanais river is Alopecia or Tanais island 66*30 53°30 The Tauric peninsula is bounded by the isthmus which extends from the Carcenites bay to Lake Byce, then by the coast of the Pontus Euxinus, of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, and of Lake Maeotis, a description of which coasts is the following:   Next, after the isthmus, which is near the Carcenites river flowing into the Pontus:   Eupatoria town 60*45 47°40 Dandace 60*45 47°20 Symbolon harbor 61*00 47°15 Parthenium promontory 60*40 47°00 Chersonesus 61*00 47°00 Ctenus harbor 61*15 47°10 Criumetopon promontory 62*00 46°40 Charax 62*00 46°50 Lagyra 62*30 47°00 Corax promontory 63*00 47°00 mouth of the Istrianus river 63*10 47°10 Theodosia 63*20 47°20 Nymphaeum 63*45 47°30 On the Cimmerian Bosporus:   Tyrictace 63*30 47°40 Panticapaea 64*00 47°55 Myrmecium promontory 64*00 48°30 On Lake Maeotis:   Parthenium 63*45 48°30 the Chersonesus of Zeno 63*00 48°45 Heracleum 62*00 48°30 Inland towns which are in the Tauric peninusla:   Taphrus 60*40 48°15 Tarona 62*20 48°15 Postigia 63*00 48°15 Parosta 61*30 48°10 Cimmerium 62*00 48°00 Portacra 61*50 47°40 Boeon 62*50 47°45 Iluratum 63*20 47°45 Satarche 61*15 47°20 Badatium 61*30 47°30 Cytaeum 62*15 47°30 Tazus 62*40 47°30 Argoda 61*45 47°15 Tabana 62*20 47°15   The region of Iazyges Metanastae is terminated on the north by the indicated boundary line of European Sarmatia beginning near the southern part of the Sarmatian mountains and extending to the Carpathian mountains; on the west by the indicated part of Germania which extends from the Sarmatian mountains to the Danube river near the Carpis bend, thence following that river to the mouth of the Tibiscus river, which, flowing from the north, empties into it. The position of its mouth is 46*00 44°15   On the east it is terminated by Dacia along that river Tibiscus which rises in the Carpathian mountains. The location of these mountains is 46*00 48°30 The towns in this Iazyges Metanastae region are:   Uscenum 43*15 48°20 Bormanum 43*40 48°15 Abieta 43*40 48°00 Trissum 44*10 47°45 Parca 43*30 47°40 Candanum 44*00 47°20 Pessium 44*40 47°00 Partiscum 45*00 46°40   The western side of Mauritania Tingitana is bounded by a part of the Outer sea, which we call the Western Ocean; it extends from the Hercules strait to the Greater Atlas mountains, and is thus described:   Cotes promontory 6*00 35°55 mouth of the Zilias river 6*00 35°40 mouth of the Lix river 6*20 35°15 mouth of the Subur river 6*20 34°20 Emporicus bay 6*20 34°10 mouth of the Sala river 6*10 33°50 Sala city 6*20 33°50 mouth of the Duas river 6*10 33°20 Lesser Atlas mountains 6*00 33°10 mouth of the Cusa river 6*40 32°45 Rusibis port 6*40 32°10 mouth of the Asana river 7*00 32°00 mouth of the Diur river 7*20 31°20 Solis mountains 6*45 31°15 Mysocaras harbor 7*20 30°50 mouth of the Phuth river 7*30 30°30 Hercules promontory 7*30 30°00 Tamusiga 8*00 29°55 Ussadium promontory 7*30 29°15 Suriga 8*00 29°00 mouth of the Una river 8*00 28°30 mouth of the Agna river 8*30 27°50 mouth of the Sala river 8*40 27°20 Greater Atlas mountains 8*00 26°30   The northern side is terminated by the strait, on which, after the promontory are the following:   Tingis Caesarea 6*30 35°55 mouth of the Valon river 7*00 35°50 Exilissa city 7*30 35°55 Septem Fratres mountains 7*40 35°50 and by the Iberic sea coast on which are the following:   Abila columna 7*50 35°40 Phoebi promontory 8*00 35°30 Iagath promontory 8*20 35°05 mouth of the Thaluda river 8*30 35°00 Oleastrum promontory 8*50 35°10 Acrath 9*00 34°55 Taenia Longa 9*30 35°45 a Sestiaria promontory 10*00 35°00 Rissadirum 10*00 34°45 Metagonites promontory 10*30 34°55 mouth of the Molochath river 10*45 34°45 mouth of the Malva river 11*10 34°50 The eastern side is bordered by Mauritania Caesariensis which extends southward from the mouth of the Malva river to a terminus which is in 11*40 26°00   The south side moreover is terminated by the bordering races of Interior Libya along the line joining the termini, which we have mentioned. The Metagonitae inhabit the parts of this province which extend along the strait; the Socossi the parts which extend along the Iberic sea, and below these are the Verves; then below the Metagonites region are the Mazices; then the Verbices, below whom are the Salinsae and the Cauni; then the Bacuatae; below whom are the Macanitae; below the Verves are the Volubiliani; then the Iangaucani; below whom are the Nectiberes; and next is Campus Rufus, which is located in 9*30 30°00     Below these are the Zegrenses; then the Baniubae and the Vacuatae. Moreover the Maurenses and a part of the Herpeditani inhabit the entire east side. The noted mountains in this land are those which are called the Diur, the central part of which is in 8*30 34°00 then the Phocra mountains which extend from the Lesser Atlas to the Ussadium promontory along the coast, and the western part of the Durdus, located in 10*00 29°30 The following towns are in the interior region of Mauritania Tingitana:   Zilia 6*10 35°30 Lix 6*45 34°55 Oppinum 7*30 35°20 Subur 6*50 34°20 Banasa 7*30 34°20 Tamusida 7*00 34°15 Silda (Gilda) 7*50 33°55 Gontiana 7*40 34°30 Baba 8*10 34°20 Pisciana 9*00 34°20 Vobrix 9*20 34°15 Volubilis 8*15 33°40 Herpis 10*20 33°45 Tocolosida 8*10 33°30 Trisidis 9*00 33°10 Molochath 10*10 33°05 Benta 9*30 32°50 Galapha 11*00 32°40 Oecath 8*30 32°30 Dorath 9*00 31°15 Boccana specula 9*20 29°30 Vala 8*10 28°15 The islands adjacent to this province toward the west in the Outer ocean are:   Paena island 5*00 32°00 Erythia island 6*00 29°00   Mauritania Caesariensis is terminated on the west by the east side of Mauritania Tingitana as we have said above; on the north by the Sardoum sea from the mouth of the Malva river to the mouth of the Ampsaga river, of which the following is a description:   After the mouth of the Malva river Magnum promontory 11*30 35°00 Gypsaria harbor 11*50 34°45 Siga city, colonia 12*00 34°40 mouth of the Siga river 12*15 34°40 mouth of the Assarath river 12*30 34°30 Portus Magnus 12*45 34°30 mouth of the Chylimath river 13*00 34°00 Quiza colonia 13*20 34°00 Deorum harbor 13*30 33°45 Arsenaria colonia 13*50 33°50 mouth of the Cartennus river 14*15 33°40 Cartenna 14*30 33°40 Carepula 14*50 33°40 Iar vicus 15*10 33°30 Lagnouton colonia 15*30 33°30 Apollinis promontory 15*50 33°40 Castra Germanorum 15*50 33°35 Canucis 16*30 33°30 mouth of the Chinalaph river 16*40 33°20 Iol Caesarea colonia 17*00 33°20 Tipasa 17*30 33°20 Via 17*40 33°00 Icosium 18*00 33°00 mouth of the Savus river 18*10 33°00 Rustonium 18*30 32°45 Rusicibar 18*45 32°50 Modunga 19*10 32°55 mouth of the Serbetis river 19*30 32°50 Cissa 19*45 32°50 Addyme 20*00 32°50 Rusuccoru 20*15 32°45 Iomnium 20*30 32°45 Rusubirsir 20*45 32°40 Rusazus 21*00 32°40 Vabar 21*30 32°30 Saldae colonia 22*00 32°30 mouth of the Nasabath river 22*10 32°30 Chobath 22*40 32°20 mouth of the Sisar river 23*00 32°15 Iarsath 23*20 32°05 Audum promontory 23*40 32°15 and in the Numidian bay:   mouth of the Audus river 23*50 32°00 Igilgili 24*00 32°00 mouth of the Gulus river 24*40 31°50 Assarath 25*10 31°45 mouth of the Ampsagas river 26*15 31°45 river sources 26*00 26°00 It is bounded on the east by Africa along the Ampsagas river to that point which is in 26*20 26°00 on the south side by the Libyan races along the line, which above Gaetulia joins the southern termini. The mountains in this province most celebrated are the Durdus mountains, the eastern parts of which are in 15*00 29°30 the western, as stated, in 10*00 29°30 the Zalacus mountains in 16*00 31°40 the Garaphi mountains in 16*00 28°40 the Madethubadus mountains the limits of which are in 13*00 26°40 and 17*30 26°00 the Cinnaba mountains 19*30 26°00º the Beryn mountains 20*30 31°00 the Phruraesus mountains, the limits of which are in 18*30 28°40 and 21*00 26°00 the Garas mountains 23*00 28°00 the Valva mountains 22*00 26°00 the western part of the Buzara located in 25*00 25°00

The Herpeditani inhabit the western parts of this province which are above the iron mines; below whom are the Taladusi; then the Sorae, to the south of whom are the Masaesyli; and below these are the Dryitae; then near the Durdus mountains are the Eluli and the Tolotae and also the Nacmusi extending to the Garaphi mountains; from the Taladusi toward the east extending as far as the mouth of the river Chinalaph are the Machusi, below whom are the Zalacus mountains and beyond this are the Mazices; then the Banturari; and beyond the Garaphi mountains are the Aquenses, the Myceni, and the Maccurae; and above the Cinnaba mountains are the Enabasi; to the east from the Zalacus mountains on the sea coast are the Machurebi below whom are the Tulenses; then the Baniuri below whom are the Machures; then the Salassi, the Malchubi and the Montani; then toward the east from the Tulenses dwell the Mucuni and the Chituae to the river Ampsagas, below these moreover are the Coedamusi; then the Toducae next to the sources of the river Ampsaga. The inland towns in this province are: Vasbaria 12*30 34°00 Celama 12*10 33°30 Urbara 12*50 33°30 Lanigara 12*00 33°00 Villa vicus 12*40 32°00 Atoa 12*30 31°10 Mina 12*50 33°00 Timici 13*00 33°10 Astacilis 13*20 33°10 Arina 13*30 30°50 Aripa 14*00 30°50 Victoria 14*10 33°00 Giglui 14*30 32°30 Bunogora 14*30 31°30 Vagae 15*15 30°45 Manliana 15*50 28°50 Apphar 16*20 33°15 Oppidum Novum colonia 16*00 32°40 Burca 16*50 30°45 Tarrum 16*15 30°00 Garra 16*30 32°50 Zuchabbari 16*50 32°40 Irath 17*00 32°00 Tenissa 17*50 31°10 Lamida 18*30 32°20 Vasana 18*20 31°40 Casmara 18*10 30°50 Binsitta 18*30 30°40 Pegava 18*50 30°30 Nigilgia 18*15 30°15 Thisizima 18*30 29°30 Choezala 18*40 32°30 Aquae Calidae, colonia 18*00 32°10 Floria 19*20 31°40 Oppidium 19*10 31°10 Labdia 19*50 29°50 Tucca 20*00 31°30 Badea 20*00 30°45 Gasmara 18*00 32°40 Bida colonia 18*30 32°30 Symoetha 20*20 32°15 Thibinia 21*00 31°10 Izatha 21*00 30°20 Auximis 21*00 29°30 also near the sources of the Rhoemius river, which flows into the Savus river, Suburgia 21*00 28°20 Then again beginning in another part, the towns are: Thudaca 19*10 32°20 Tigis 19*30 32°30 Turaphilum 21*20 31°45 Sudava 22*20 32°00 Tusiatath 22*20 31°30 Ussara 22*00 30°40 Vazagada 22*30 30°10 Auzia 22*10 29°40 Tubusuptus 23*45 31°40 Robonda 23*20 31°20 Ausum 23*00 30°40 Zaratha 23*30 30°30 Nababurum 23*00 30°00 Vitaca 23*45 29°30 Thubuna 23*50 28°30 Thamaritha 23*10 27°15 Augala 24*50 31°20 Suptu 24*20 30°45 Hippu 24*50 30°30 Vamicaeda 25*10 30°00 Sitiphi colonia 26*00 29°20 Tumarra 26*00 29°00 Germiana 26*00 28°30 Paepia 24*50 28°15 Vescethra 24*30 27°30 Aegaea 26*00 27°10 Taruda 25*45 26°30 An island is near the famous town Iol Caesarea, which is called Iol Caesarea island, in which island is a town of this same name located in 17*10 33°40   The west side of Africa is terminated by Mauritania Caesariensis on the line established by the Ampsagas river; the northern side is terminated by that part of the African sea which extends from the Ampsagas river to the Syrtis Major; of this northern side the following is a description: After the mouth of the Ampsagas river: Numidicus harbor interior 27*00 31°45 Greater Collops or Chullu 27*20 32°20 Tretum promontory 27*40 32°45 Rusicada 27*45 32°30 Uzicath 28*10 32°30 Holcochites harbor 28*40 32°00 Tacatye 29*00 32°30 Lesser Collops 29*20 32°35 Siur port 29*40 32°40 Hippo promontory 30*00 32°45 Stoborrum promontory 30*10 32°40 Aphrodisium 30*00 32°30 Hippo Regius colonia 30*20 32°15 mouth of the Rubricatus river 30*45 32°15 Thabraca colonia 31*15 32°20 Temple of Apollo 31*40 32°50 Altar of Neptune 32*00 32°45 Hippo Diarrhytus colonia 32*30 32°45 Thinisa 33*00 32°30 Apollo promontory 33*30 33°15 Utica 33*20 32°45 Cornelia Camp 33*40 32°30 mouth of the Bagradas river 34*00 32°40 Carthage, a large city 34*50 32°40 mouth of the Catadas river 34*50 32°30 Maxula colonia 35*00 32°40 Carpis colonia 35*00 33°00 Misua 35*00 33°15 Clypea colonia 35*00 33°20 Hermaea promontory 35*00 33°30 Aspis colonia 35*15 33°20 Curubis colonia 35*30 33°10 Neapolis colonia 35*45 33°00 Siagul 36*00 32°50 Aphrodisium 36*15 32°40 Adrumetus colonia 36*40 32°40 Ruspina 36*50 32°40 Leptis Minor colonia 37*10 32°30 Thapsus 37*30 32°30 Acholla 37*45 32°30 Rhuspena 38*00 32°20 Brachodes promontory 38*30 32°20 Usilla 38*30 32°10 Taphrura 38*30 32°00 Syrtis Minor: Theaenae 38*30 31°40 Macomada 38*30 31°15 mouth of the Triton river 38*40 30°30 Tacape 38*50 30°30 Gichthis 39*20 30°50 Hedaphtha 40*10 31°15 Zeitha promontory 40*40 31°40 Sabathra 41*00 31°30 Pisindon harbor 41*15 31°30 Heoa 41*30 31°40 Garapha harbor 41*45 31°40 Neapolis or Leptis Magna 42*00 31°40 mouth of the Cinyphus river 42*15 31°30 Cisterna 42*50 31°20 Barathra 42*20 31°30 Triceron promontory 43*15 31°20 Syrtis Major: Cisternae 43*15 31°00 Macomala village 43*30 30°50 Aspis 43*40 30°20 Sacazama village 43*50 30°00 Tower of Euphranta 44*10 29°40 Charax village 44*30 29°00 Hippo promontory 46*45 29°00 Oesporis village 45*00 29°00 Philaeni village 46*00 29°00 Below which altars of the same name terminate Africa. The eastern side, beginning at the bend in the Syrtis, is bounded by the line which runs southward along Cyrenaica to the terminus which is in 47*00 25°00 The southern line, which extends along Gaetulia and the desert of Libya, unites the two termini. In this province are many celebrated mountains, the eastern part of the Buzara mountains, the position of which is 28*00 27°00 Audus mountains 28*30 29°30 Thammes mountains the extreme limits of which are in 29*30 27°30 and 32*00 28°30 from these mountains the Rubricatus river flows. mountains which are called Cirna 33*00 30°00 from which run swamps connecting with the Hipponitis lake 32*40 32°30 and the Sisara lake 33*00 31°00 Mampsarus mountains, the extreme parts of which are located in 33*00 27°30 and 36*30 26°15 from which mountains the Bagradas river flows; mountains which are called Jovis 37*30 31°15 Usalaetus mountains the extreme limits of which are located in 37*00 38°00 and 39*30 26°30 from which mountains the Triton river flows, its sources are in Tritonitis lake 38*40 39°40 Pallas lake 38*30 29°15 and that which is called the Libyan lake 38*30 28°15 Giglius mountains 40*30 29°30 Thizibi mountains 44*15 28°00 Zuchabbari mountains the extreme limits of which are located in 40*00 26°15 and 43*30 26°40 from which mountains the Cinypus river flows, from a source which is located in 45*15 26°10   The Cirtesi and the Nabathrae dwell in the western parts of Africa near the ocean; next, toward the east, are the Ionti in Numidia or the New Province extending as far as Thabraca; then the Mideni and the peoples dwelling in the Carthaginian region below whom are the Libyphoenices; then the Machyni to the Syrtis Minor; and below these are Cinithi, and the Nigitimi extending toward the east as far as the Cinyphus river and along the same river are the Lotophagi; then the Samamyci next to the Syrtis Major and near these the Nyepi, below whom are the Elaeones. Next toward the south from Cirtesii and Numidia, below the Audus mountains are the Musulami, below whom are the Nattabutes, then the Nisibes, and below the Mideni the Mididi, below whom are the Musuni; then below the Thammes mountains are the Saburbures, below whom are the Haliardi and the Campus Sittaphius. From Libyphoenicia toward the south is the region of the Bazaciti below which the Zutae, then the Cerophaei and the Mampsari above the Mampsarus mountains, and below these mountains are the Motuturi. Below the Machyni are the Machryes, then the Gephes, next to these the Mimaces, and below the Usalaetus mountains the Uzalae where the Libyan desert begins. Below the Cinithi are the Ogiplosi, then the Achaemenes, then the Muturgures; below these the Muchthusi; below the Nigitimi are the Astacures, and below the Lotophagi the Eropaei, and next the Dolopes, below whom are the Erebidae; and below the Samamuci are the Damensi and then the Nygbeni, below whom are the Nycpi; then below the Cinyphi and the Elaeones is Macae Syrtitae and the Libyan desert. The towns in this interior province between the Ampsagas river and the city Thabraca are: In Cirtesii Cirta Julia colonia 26*50 31°20 Mireum 26*40 31°20 Vaga 28*00 31°40 Lares 27*30 30°40 Apari 27*40 29°40 Azama 27*30 27°50 In Numidia Culcua colonia 28*30 31°15 Thunudromum colonia 28*20 30°30 Aspucca 29*30 32°20 Simisthu colonia 29*00 31°20 Thuburnica 30*00 31°40 Tucca 29*30 31°20 Thieba 29*30 30°45 Thubursica colonia 29*20 30°30 Ucibi 30*00 29°45 Gausaufna 29*15 31°00 Lambaesa 29*00 30°00 Legio III Augusta Thubutis 29*30 28°20 Bulla Regia 30*40 31°30 Sicca Veneria colonia 30*30 30°50 Assurus colonia 30*50 30°30 Naraggara 30*00 30°10 Theveste 30*30 29°45 Thunusda 31*20 32°00 Madurus colonia 32*00 31°30 Ammaedara 32*10 30°30 Gazagupala 31*10 30°10 Sedne 31*40 28°45 Between the town Thabraca and the Bagradas river Canopisi 32*15 32°30 Meltida 32*40 32°30 Uzan 33*15 32°20 Thizica 33*15 32°00 Cipipa 34*00 31°45 Theudali 33*20 31°40 Avitta 33*30 31°30 Tobrus 34*00 30°30 Iilica 34*30 30°20 Tucca 34*00 29°50 Dabia 33*00 29°45 Bendena 34*30 29°20 Vazua 33*20 29°10 Nensa 34*10 29°10 Aquae calidae 33*40 28°15 Zigira 33*10 27°50 Thasia 33*00 27°45 Thunuba 33*20 27°30 Musta 33*40 27°30 Themisua 34*40 28°40 Zama major 34*20 28°00 Timica 34*50 27°40 Tuscubis 35*30 28°10 Between the river Bagradas and the river Triton, and below Carthage are: Maxula vetus 34*10 32°30 Vol 34*45 32°30 Thimisa 35*00 32°10 Cuina colonia 35*30 31°30 Uthina 34*15 31°20 Abdira 34*30 30°50 Mediccara 35*30 31°10 Thuburbo 35*00 30°10 Tucma 35*30 30°10 Bulla Mensa 34*20 30°00 Cerbica 36*00 30°00 Nuroli 34*20 29°30 Ticelia 34*40 29°00 Sasura 36*00 29°40 Cilma 35*30 29°10 Vepillium 36*15 29°00 Thabba 35*20 28°40 Tichasa 36*00 28°40 Negenta 36*00 27°50 Bunthum 36*15 27°20 Below the town Adrumetum Almaena 35*15 33°00 Uticna 35*40 32°45 Chrausa 36*00 32°40 Turza 35*40 31°50 Ulizibirra 36*00 31°20 Orbita 36*20 32°20 Uzita 36*50 32°20 Gisira 36*20 31°45 Zurmentum 37*00 31°50 Zalapa 36*45 31°45 Augustum 36*20 30°40 Leae 36*20 30°40 Avidus 36*40 30°00 Ubata 36*45 29°20 Tisurus 36*50 28°40 Thysdrus 37*15 32°10 Uzecia 37*45 32°10 Setiensis 37*45 31°30 Lasica 37*10 31°20 Byzacina 37*50 30°45 Targarum 37*15 30°30 Bararus 37*00 30°20 Capsa 37*30 29°45 Putea 37*45 29°10 Thennephis 38*20 31°00 Caraga 38*10 31°40 Murvis 38*10 30°45 Zugar 38*00 30°30 Between the two Syrtes are these towns: Chuzis 39*30 30°00 Sumucis 40*20 30°30 Pisinda 41*00 31°10 Sabrata 41*15 30°50 Syddenis 41*40 31°10 Azuis 42*45 31°10 Gerisa 43*00 30°50 Iscina 43*20 30°30 Ammonis 42*00 30°40 Amuncla 42*40 30°10 Mousta village 42*20 28°40 Butta 42*40 28°30 Tege 42*40 27°30 Durga 43*00 26°30 Sycapha 43*30 30°00 Uddita 43*20 28°40 Galybe 43*40 29°30 Thagulis 44*10 29°00 Islands along the coast of Africa, and which are near the coast: Hydras island 28*00 33°00 Calathe island 31*00 33°40 Dracontia island 33*15 33°15 Aegimius island 34*15 33°30 two islands of Larunesia 37*00 33°30 Anemusa 39*00 33°20 Lopadusa island 39*00 33°20 Aethusa island 39*30 33°20 Cercinna island and town 39*00 32°15 Lotophagitis islands in which are these towns: Girra city 39*15 31°15 Meninx city 39*30 31°20 Misynus island 44*40 30°40 Pontia island 45*20 20°15 Gaia island 46*00 29°40 In the high seas are the African islands: Cossyra the island and town 37*20 34°20 Glauconis island and town 38*20 34°40 Melita island 38*45 34°40 Melita city and peninsula 38*40 34°45 Temple of Juno 39*00 34°40 Temple of Hercules 38*45 34°35 The province of Cyrenaica is terminated on the west by the Syrtis Major and by Africa along the line running from Philaeni village toward the south to the terminus, which line extends from 46*45 29°00 to 47*00 25°00 on the north by the Libyan sea along the seacoast from the inner angle of the Syrtis to Darnis city, which is thus described: Next after the Philaeni village: Automalax fortification 47*15 29°10 Drepanum promontory 47*15 29°20 Hyphali naval station 47*20 29°40 Diarrhoea harbor 47*15 30°00 Hercules tower 47*20 30°30 Diachersis fortification 47*20 30°50 Boreum promontory, end of Syrtis 47*15 31°10 Bryon shore 47*30 31°10 In the Pentapolis Berenice or Hesperides 47*45 31°20 mouth of the Lathon river 48*15 31°20 Arsinoë or Teuchira 48*40 31°20 Ptolemais 49*05 31°10 Ausigda 49*30 31°30 Autuchi temple 49*30 31°40 Phycus promontory and Castle 50*00 31°50 Apollonia 50*10 31°40 Naustathmum harbor 50*20 31°40 Erythrum 50*30 31°30 Chersis village 50*45 31°20 Zephyrium promontory 51*00 31°20 Darnis 51*15 31°15 On the east it is bounded by a part of Marmarica along the line leading from Darnis southward to the terminus which is located in 51*15 25°00 on the south by the Libyan desert along that line which joins the two mentioned termini. Here are the provinces and the mountains which are called the Mounds of Hercules, the center of which is located in 47*40 30°50 Velpi mountains 47*40 29°30 Baecolicus mountains 51*00 26°30 Maritime lake, that is the lake formed by the Lathon river, the central part of which is located in 47*45 31°10 and the lake below Paliurus, in which there are shellfish 52*00 31°10 The Barcitae inhabit the parts of this region below the Pentapolis toward the east from the Garden of the Hesperides, from which toward the east are the Ararauceles; below the Garden of the Hesperides are the Mounds of Hercules, and from these toward the east the Asbytae; next to Africa above the Velpi mountains are the Macatutae, and next are the caves of the Lasanicori, and toward the east from these are the Psylli, thence a place filled with wild beasts, and then the Silphiofera region. a The inland towns of the province are the following: Cyrene 50*00 31°20 Archile 50*30 31°15 Chaerecla 48*30 31°00 Neapolis 49*00 31°00 Artamis village 49*45 31°10 Zemythus 49*50 31°30 Barce 49*15 30°45 Eraga 49*40 31°00 Celida 50*30 30°40 Hydrax 55*50 30°30 Alibaca 49*10 30°10 Thintis 50*00 30°15 Caenopolis 50*15 30°40 Phalacra 49*45 30°30 Marabina 48*00 30°15 Auritina 49*45 29°50 Acabis 50*30 29°40 Maranthis village 47*30 29°20 Agdan village 47*45 29°00 Echinus village 49*30 28°40 Philonis village 51*00 28°40 Arimantis village 51*00 28°55 The islands near this region are: Myrmex island 48*40 31°50 Laea or Venus island 50*10 31°50   Marmarica with Libya and Egypt is terminated on the west by Cyrenaica along that line which as is known runs from the town of Darnis southward, and by the part of Interior Libya along that meridian, to the end, the position of which is 51*15 23°00 on the north by the Egyptian sea. This seacoast is thus described:   In the provinces of Marmarica are: Azilis village 51*40 31°15 Greater Chersonesus 52*00 31°40 Phthia harbor 52*10 31°15 Paliurus 52*15 31°15 Batrachus harbor 52*30 31°15 Petras Minor harbor 52*45 31°15 Antipyrgos harbor 53*20 31°15 Scythranius harbor 53*30 31°10 Cathaeonium promontory 53*45 31°15 Ardanis promontory 54*00 31°15 Petras Major harbor 54*10 31°10 In the Libyan provinces on the seacoast: Panormus harbor 54*20 31°10 Catabathmus Major 54*30 31°15 Aenesiphyra harbor 55*00 31°10 Zygris village 55*15 31°10 Chettaea village 55*30 31°10 Zagylis village 55*45 31°10 Selenis harbor 56*00 31°10 Trisarchi village 56*20 31°05 Apis 56*40 31°05 Paraetonium 57*00 31°10 Pythis promontory 57*10 31°10 Graeae Genu, harbor 57*10 31°05 Callias promontory 57*30 31°10 Zygis harbor 57*40 31°05 Leuce shore 57*50 31°10 Hermaeum promontory 58*00 31°15 Phoenicus harbor 58*20 31°10 Antiphra village 58*40 31°05 Derris promontory 58*50 31°10 Leucaspis harbor 59*00 31°05 Glaucum promontory 59*10 31°10 On the seacoast of Mareota province: Chimo village 59*30 31°05 Plinthine 59*45 31°00 Lesser Chersonesus harbor 60*00 31°05 Alexandria the metropolis of all Egypt 60*30 31°00 Canobus the metropolis of Menelaitae 60*45 31°05 The seven mouths of the Nile: the Heracleotic or Canobic mouth 60*50 31°05 the Bolbitine mouth 61*15 31°05 the Sebennytic mouth 61*30 31°05 the Pineptimi false mouth 61*45 31°05 Diolcus false mouth 62*10 31°10 the Pathmitic mouth 62*30 31°10 the Mendesius mouth 62*45 31°10 the Tanitic mouth 63*00 31°15 the Pelusiac mouth 63*15 31°10 Pelusium city 63*15 31°10 Gerrum terminus 63*30 31°10 Cassiotis Casium 63*45 31°15 Outlet of the Sirbonian swamps 63*50 31°15 Ostracine 64*15 31°10 Rhinocorura 64*40 31°50 It is terminated on the east by a part of Judaea which runs from the city Anthedon to the terminus which is in 64*15 30°40 and then by Arabia Petraea as far as the recess in the Arabian bay near the city Heroum [Heroöpolis] which is located in 63*30 29°50 and by a part of the Arabian bay. The coast is thus described: Next to the turn of the bay which we have said is located in 63*30 29°50 Arsinoë 63*20 28°50 Clysina castle 63*20 28°50 Drepanum promontory 64*00 27°50 Philotera harbor 64*05 27°50 Myoshormus 64*15 26°45 Aeas mountains 64*20 26°10 Albus harbor 64*30 26°00 Acabe mountains 64*30 25°45 Nechesia 64*30 25°30 Samaragdus mountains 64*50 25°00 Lepte acra 64*40 23°40 a Berenice 64*05 23°50 Pentadactylus mountains 64*45 23°30 Bazium promontory 65*00 23°00 The boundary on the south extends to the indicated terminus of Interior Libya adjacent to which line is Aethiopia below Egypt. The Basisci mountains run thru this province, the middle of which is in 52*20 30°00 also the Aganombri mountains 54*00 27°30 the Asyphus mountains 55*00 30°30 the Aspis mountains 57*30 30°40 the Ogdamus mountains 58*00 29°30 the Thinodes mountains 58*30 26°40 the Azar mountains, the extreme parts of which are in 51*30 23°30 and 53*00 23°30 and the mountains of Libya to the west of the Nile river, the extreme parts of which are in 61*00 29°00 and 60*10 23°30 The lakes are: Cleartus lake 52*00 26°20 Lacci lake 55*30 26°40 Lycomedis lake 57*00 24°00 Solis spring 58*15 28°00 Marea lake 60*15 30°50 Moeris lake 60*20 29°20 Sirbonis lake 64*15 31°00 The Libyarchae, the Aniritae, and the Bassachitae dwell in the north of Marmarica province, below whom are the Apotomitae; and next to these, but more toward the south, are the Augilae, who are located in 52*30 28°00 after these are the Nasamones and the Bacatae; then the Auschitae and the Tapanitae, and next are the Sentites, the Oebillae and the Aezari. In the Libyan province, which is near the sea, dwell the Zygritae, the Chattani and the Zygenses; toward the south are the Buzenses and the Ogdaemi, next to these the Adyrmachidae and next is the region of Ammon, which is located in 55*30 28°00 Next are the Anagombri, the Iobacchi, and the Ruaditae. The maritime region of Mareota province is called Taenia; in the interior dwell the Goniatae and the Prosoditae, next is the Sciathic region which is located in 60*40 30°20 The Mastitae, the Nitriotae, and the Oasitae occupy the parts toward the south which are located in 59*30 29°30 Next to these are Libyaegypti. The Arenosa and the Sitibunda regions extend along the entire south side of Marmarica and Libya. The Arabaegypti Ichthyophagi occupy the entire seacoast along the Arabian bay in which are mountain ridges: Troicus-stone mountains 62*40 29°15 the Alabastrites mountains 63*00 28°00 the Porphyrites mountains 63*00 26°40 the black stone mountains 63*00 24°40 the Basanites stone mountains 64*00 23°30 The interior villages of Marmarica are: Leucoe 51*20 30°45 Moccheris 52*20 31°00 Albi Camini 53*10 30°50 Menelaus 53*40 31°00 Gaphara 54*00 30°25 Masuchis 53*30 30°40 Masadalis 51*20 30°30 Abathuba 51*30 30°00 Albi Clivi 52*30 30°15 Tacaphoris 53*50 30°10 Dioscurorum 52*30 28°50 Migo 53*30 28°30 Saragina 53*15 28°00 Alo 53*15 28°30 Mazacila 54*20 26°30 Billa 54*30 25°40 and in Augilae and Nasamones: Augila 52*30 28°00 Magri place 54*20 27°50 The villages of the Libyan provinces are: Tachorsa 54*30 30°50 Azicis 55*00 31°00 Nemesium 55*30 30°50 Tisarchi 55*50 30°50 Philonis 55*50 30°30 Sophanis 56*30 30°50 Bibliaphorium 56*20 30°40 Scope 56*40 30°30 Calliae 57*00 30°50 Leodamantium 57*30 31°00 Catabathmus Minor 58*00 30°50 Pedonia 58*20 31°00 Pnigeus 58*30 30°30 Glaucum 59*00 30°30 Tuccitora 55*10 30°15 Thanuthis 55*40 29°45 Pednopum 57*15 29°40 Climax 57*40 30°10 Siropum 56*20 28°45 Mareotis 58*00 28°20 and in the region of Ammon: Alexandri Castra 56*30 28°10 and the town Ammon 55*30 28°00 The town and villages of Mareota province are: Monocaminum 59*10 30°50 Halmyrae 59*40 30°50 Taposiris 59*50 30°50 Cobii 59*10 30°30 Antiphili 59*30 30°20 Hierax 59*40 30°40 Phamotis 60*00 30°40 Marea vetus, village 60*00 30°10 and in the Sciathic land: Sciathica 60*40 30°20 Near Lake Moeris are: Bacchis 60*30 29°40 Dionysias 60*30 29°00 and in Oasitae are: Oasis Minor 60*15 28°45 Oasis Major 59*30 26°55 The provinces which are along the Nile have important towns. That is called the Great Delta which begins where, from the Great river, the Agathodaemon is diverted and flows thru the Heracleotic mouth; the one called the Bubastis river flows thru the Pelusiac mouth, and the branching where the delta is formed is located in 62*00 30°00 It is called the Little Delta where the Busiris river branches from the Bubastis river, which flows thru the Pathmitic mouth. This Little Delta is located in 62*40 30°20 A third delta can also be mentioned located between that which we generally call the Middle Delta where a river branches from the Bubastis, which flows thru the town Athribis and the Pineptimi mouth. This third delta is located in 62*15 30°05 In the Great Delta two rivers are diverted toward the north from the river Agathodaemon, one of which is called the Therenuthis river, which flows thru the Sebennytic mouth; its branching is located in 61*30 30°15 The Buticus river [Butus river] which runs along at a nearly equal distance from the seacoast joins the Therenuthis, the Athribis, the Busiris and the Bubastis, from which others springing from adjacent marshes and lakes flow into the sea thru the remaining mouths, some of which are connected, as we have said, with the Great river. That is commonly called a low region around these rivers, in which are provinces and important cities. In the nome and metropolis of Alexandria: Hermopolis Parva 61*00 30°50 In the nome and metropolis of Andropolis: Andron city 61*20 30°20 In the nome and metropolis of Letopolis: interior Latona city [Letopolis] 61*30 30°05 Between the Great river and the river Taly (from the Great river toward the east) Metelis nome and metropolis: Metelis 61*00 31°00 Between the Great river and the Therenuthis river are the towns: Phthenetu nome and metropolis: Butus 61*20 30°45 Cabasa nome and metropolis: Cabasa 61*30 30°40 Sais nome and metropolis: Sais 61*30 30°30 and on the Great river toward the east: Naucratis town 61*15 30°30 Prosopis nome and metropolis on the east bank of the Great river: Niciae 61*30 30°20 Between the Therenuthis and the Athribis rivers are: Sebennytes nome in a low region and its metropolis: Pachnamunis 61*40 31°00 Xois nome and metropolis: Xois 61*40 30°35 Phthemphuthi nome and metropolis: Tava 61*40 30°25 Between the Athribis and the Busiris rivers: Onuphis nome and its metropolis: Onuphis 62*05 30°40 Athribis nome and its metropolis: Athribis 62*00 30°30 Mendesius nome and its metropolis: Thumuis 62*20 30°50 Upper Sebennytic nome and its metropolis: Sebennytus 62*20 30°20 Busiris nome and its metropolis: Busiris 62*30 30°15 Leontopolis nome and its metropolis: Leontopolis 62*15 30°35 Between the Busiris river and the Bubastis river is: Nesyt nome and its metropolis: Panephysis 62*40 31°05 Tanis nome and metropolis: Tanis 62*45 32°50 Pharbaethus nome and metropolis: Pharbaethus 62*45 32°30 To the east of the Bubastis river is Sethroites nome and metropolis: Herculis lesser city 63*20 31°00 Arabia nome and metropolis: Phacusa 63*10 30°50 Bubastis nome and metropolis: Bubastus b 63*05 30°40 Heliapolis c nome and metropolis: Oniu 62*30 30°10 and on the border of Arabia and Aphroditopolis: Babylon 62*15 30°00 Heliopolis 62*30 29°50 Heroum city [Heroöpolis] 63*10 30°00 thru which, as well as thru the city Babylon, flows the mountain stream Traianus. The following nomes are toward the south from the Great Delta and the Lower region and are called the Seven Nomes, the first is the nome of Memphis and its metropolis on the east bank of the river: Memphis 61*50 29°50 And then to the east of the river in the interior, the town Acanthon 61*40 29°40 In which part the river separates, forming an island, called Heracleopolis island 62*00 29°45 and in this island Nilopolis 62*00 29°30 and the metropolis to the west of the river is Herculis city [Heracleopolis] 61*50 29°10 The nome of Arsinoë and its metropolis in the interior: Arsinoë 61*40 29°30 and the naval station Ptolemais 61*40 29°20 To the east of this island: Aphroditopolis nome and its metropolis, called Aphroditopolis 62*15 29°40 then also to the east of the island, Ancuron city 62*20 29°20 The rivers unite which form an island in 62*00 28°45 Next, to the west of the river is the nome of Oxyrynchus and the metropolis in the interior: Oxyrynchus 61*40 28°50 Then the nome of Cynopolis and the metropolis on the east river bank: Co 61*50 28°40 Canum city [Cynopolis] 62*10 28°40 then on the east bank of the river is Acoris 62*00 28°30 in the interior, Alabastron 62*30 28°20 The nome and metropolis of Hermopolis to the west of the river inland is: Hermopolis the great 61*40 28°25 and next on the west bank of the river is Phylacae 61*50 28°15 The nome toward the east of the Antinoüs river and its metropolis: Antinoi city [Antinoöpolis] 62*05 28°10 to which nome are to be added the two Oasitae. Those which are toward the south from the Seven Nomes are called the Thebaid and the Upper Region. Then toward the west of the river are the nome of Lycopolis and its metropolis in the interior: Lycopolis 61*45 28°00 the nome of Hypsele and its metropolis: Hypsele 62*00 27°50 the nome of Aphroditopolis and its metropolis in the interior are: Aphroditopolis 61*20 27°40 Crocodilorum city [Crocodilopolis] 61*40 27°20 the Thinites nome and its metropolis: Ptolemais Hermiae 61*50 27°10 then inland toward the west from the river: Abydos 61*40 26°50 The nome of Diopolis of the upper region and its metropolis: Jovis a small town [Diopolis] 61*50 26°40 the nome of Tentyra and its metropolis: Tentyra 61*50 26°10 and a village in the interior, Pampanis 61*30 25°45 Here is Memnon and in the interior the village Pathyris 61*30 25°30 The nome of Hermonthis and its metropolis: Hermonthis 61*50 25°20 and then Laton town 61*45 25°00 the larger Apollinopolis city 61*50 24°40 then the inland village Phonthis 61*40 24°20 and the island Elephantine 61*30 23°55 Toward the east of the river: the nome of Antaeopolis and its metropolis: Antaei in the interior 62*20 27°40 and next Passalus 62*10 27°30 the nome of Panopolis and its metropolis: Panopolis 62*00 27°20 Next, Lepidotorum town 62*00 26°50 then Chenoboscia 62*00 26°30 Next, Caene town 62*10 26°20 The nome of Coptos and its metropolis: Coptos town 62*30 26°00 Next, the smaller Apollinopolis city 62*30 25°55 The nome of Thebes and its metropolis: the greater Jovis town [Diopolis] 62*00 25°30 then Tuphium 62*00 25°20 then Chnubis 62*00 25°00 then Ilithyiae town 62*05 24°45 then Toum inland 62*15 24°20 then Ombi 62*00 24°05 then Syene 62*00 23°50 then the Dodecaschoenus, from which toward the east are the Arabes Adaei; among whom on the east bank of the river after the Lesser Cataract, which is located in 61*50 23°45 are Hiera Sycaminos 61*45 23°40 Philae 61*40 23°20 Metacompso 61*40 23°05 in which region on the west bank of the river is Pselcis 61*30 23°05 The islands near Libya and Egypt in the Egyptian sea are: Aedonis island 52*40 31°50 Tyndarii three cliffs 55*50 31°30 Aenesippa island 56*30 31°40 Phocussae, two islands 56*50 31°30 Pedonia island 58*30 31°30 Didymae, two islands 60*00 31°30 Pharos island 60*20 31°05 In the Arabian bay are these islands: Sapphirine island 64*50 28°00 Veneris island 65*15 25°00 Agathonis island 65*15 23°40 Aethiopia, which is below Egypt, is terminated, as we have indicated, on the north by Libya and Egypt; on the west by a part of Interior Libya along the meridian extending from Darnis to the southern terminus of Libya, which is located in 51*15 3°10 S on the south by the line leading from this terminus along the remaining part of the Aethiopian interior to: the Rhaptum promontory, which is located in 73*50 8°25 S It is terminated on the east by a part of the Bay of Arabia and the Red Sea, and the Barbarian Sea to the Rhaptum promontory, the description of which is the following: After the Bazium promontory referred to above: Prionotus mountains 65*00 22°30 Chersonesus 65*00 22°00 Mnemeum promontory 65*30 21°30 Isius mountains 65*30 21°20 a deep harbor 65*00 21°10 Dioscuror harbor 65*00 21°00 Cereris Speculae promontory 65*20 20°15 Aspis promontory 65*30 19°45 Diogenis promontory 65*40 19°40 Satyron mountains 65*40 19°00 Monodactylus mountains 65*30 18°30 Taurus mountains 65*40 18°00 Harbor Deorum Tutorum 65*30 17°30 Evangelon harbor 65*45 17°00 Ptolemais Venationum 66*00 16°25 Ara Eratonis promontory 66*30 16°00 Sabasticum mouth 67*00 15°00 a large coast 66*00 14°15 Colobon promontory 68*00 13°40 Sabat town 68*00 12°30 and in the Aduliticus Bay, a mountainous peninsula 68*00 12°10 Adulis 67*00 11°40 Saturni promontory 68*00 11°40 Antiphili Portus 72*00 10°15 Mandaith village 73*15 10°20 Arsinoë 73*45 10°40 After the strait in the Red Sea, Dire town in the promontory 74*30 11°00 Then in Avalites Bay, Avalites market place 74*00 8°25 Malao market place 75*00 6°30 Mondu market place 78*00 7°00 Mosylum promontory and market place 79*00 9°00 Cobe market place 80*00 8°00 Elephas mountains 81*00 7°30 Acanna market place 82*00 7°00 Aromata promontory and market place 83*00 6°00 In the Barbarian Bay, Pano village 82*00 5°00 Opone market place 81*00 4°15 Zingis promontory 81*00 3°30 Phalangis mountains 80*00 3°30 Apocopa 70*00 3°00 Austri Cornu promontory 79*00 1°00 a small coast 78*00 1°00 S a large coast 76*00 2°00 S Essina 73*30 3°30 S Sarapionis station and emporium 74*00 3°00 S Tonice market place 73*00 4°15 S mouth of the Rhaptus river 72*30 7°00 S Rhapta, metropolis of Barbaria, a short distance from the sea 71*00 7°00 S Rhaptum promontory 73*50 8°25 S The remaining part of the Nile, after the Great Cataract, is described as follows thru the names of the villages adjacent to it: After Pselcis and the Lesser Cataract, the location of which is in 60*30 22°30 on the west bank of the river are the villages Tasitia 60*30 22°00 Boon 62*00 21°40 Autoba 61*30 21°30 Phthrui 61*15 21°20 Pistre 61*00 20°40 Ptemithis 61*00 20°15 Abuncis 59*30 20°00 Cambysis Aerarium 59*00 18°00 Erchoas 59*30 18°00 Satachtha 60*30 18°00 Moru 61*30 18°40 Nacis 62*00 19°30 Tathis 61*00 17°00 On the east bank of the river are the villages Pnups 62*00 22°00 Berethis 62*00 21°30 Gerbo 62*00 21°00 Pataeta 61*40 20°30 Pontyris 61*00 20°00 Primis Minor 60*00 19°30 Arbis 60*30 18°30 Napata 63*00 20°15 Sacole 63*00 19°30 Sandace 63*00 18°30 Orbadaru 62*40 18°00 Primis Major 62*00 17°00 Here the Nile River on the west and the Astaboras on the east form the region of the island of Meroë, in which island are the following towns: Meroë 61*30 16°25 Sacolche 61*40 15°15 Eser 61*40 13°30 Daron village 62*00 12°30 The junction of the river Nile and the river Astapus 61*00 12°00 Then the junction of the river Astaboras and the Astapus 62*30 11°30 Where the Nile river becomes one thru the union of rivers which flow from two lakes 60*00 2°00 Western lake 57*00 6°00 S Eastern lake 65*00 7°00 S Lake Coloë, from which flows the Astapus river 69*00 equator The towns remote from the river in the interior are: Axume where the king's palace is 65*00 11°00 Coloë town 69*00 4°15 Maste town 65*00 4°15 S The mountains in this region toward the west of the Nile river, extending along the entire Nile, which are commonly called the Aethiopian mountains, are celebrated; the position of which is 55*00 23°00 and 55*00 8°30 The mountains to the east of the Nile are called the Garbatum, the middle of which is in 69*00 6°00 and the Elephas mountains 78*00 5°30 and those near the lake are called the Pylaei mountains 65*00 equator the Maste mountains 68*00 5°00 S The land which is near the Arabian Bay and the Avalites gulf, along the sea is called Troglodytica as far as the Elephas mountains, in which region are the Adulitae, and the Avalitae near a bay of this name, and the Mosyli above the promontory with a market place of this name. The entire seacoast to the Rhaptum promontory is called Azania; the interior region is called Barbaria, in which there are many elephants. The Colobi occupy that part of the region toward the east from the river which is near the Bazium promontory; next to these toward the south are the Tabieni; then the Sirtibes; next to these are the Attiri; then the Babylleni and the Rhizophagi; then the Axumitae and the Sobridae; next the Molibae, the Megabardi, and the Nubae toward the west from the Avalitae; then below the Molibae are the Blemyes; below whom are the Dedacae, and the Pechini between the river Astapus and the Garbatum mountains; from whom toward the west are the Strathophagi Aethiopes; toward the south from the mountain are the Catadrae and the Myrrhifera land stretching up to Lake Coloë, after which are the Mastitae to the lake of the Nile. To the west, from this part of the Nile river, those occupy the land after the Greater Cataract, who pasture the Triacontaschoenus region between the Aethiopian mountains and the Nile river,a after these toward the south are the Euonymitae; then Aethiopia Media and the Sebridae; these races also inhabit the island of Meroë, and below them are the Gapachi; below these the Ptoemphanae, and below these the Cadupi; next to these are the Elephantophagi Aethiopes; below these the Pesendarae, and beyond the lake the Cinnamon-bearing land; moreover between the Nile and the Astapus river, toward the island of Meroë, are the Memnones and more to the south are the Sapaei. In the remaining parts of the land toward the west from the Aethiopian mountains next to the sandy and dry region dwell the Phazaniae and the Bacalitides races; then the Scenitae and the Tralletae, after these the race of the Daradi; then the Orypaei Venatores next to these the Nygbenitae Aethiopians. The following islands are near Aethiopia below Egypt in the Arabian Bay: Astarta island 66*00 22°30 Ara Minervae island 66*10 21°30 Gypsitis island 67*00 19°40 two islands of Gomadean 67*30 19°00 Myronis island 67*00 18°00 Catathra or Chelonitides islands, two in number 68*00 17°30 Orisitides, two islands 67*30 17°00 Magorum island 68*00 16°00 Daphnine island 68*30 15°20 Acanthine island 68*30 15°00 Macaria island 68*30 14°00 Avium island 69*00 14°00 the Bacchi and Antibacchi 69*30 13°15 Panis island 68*40 12°00 Diodori island 70*00 12°30 Isidis island 70*00 11°30 In the Bay of Avalites is Mondi island 77*00 8°30 Next to Aromata are these islands: Amici island 85*00 4°00 the two Menae islands 84*00 2°30 Myrice island 83*30 1°00 Then to the east of these islands is the sea called Hippalum near which is the Indian Sea. Aethiopia, which is below this land and all of Libya, is terminated toward the north by the indicated southern boundary lines of the land which we have treated, which extends from the Great Bay of the Outer Sea to Rhaptum promontory as we have said, and is located in 73*50 8°25 S then by a part of the Western Ocean which is near the Great Bay; by the unknown land toward the west and the south; toward the east by the Barbarian Bay, which near the shallow sea is called Breve, from the Rhaptum promontory even to the Prasum promontory and the unknown land. Prasum promontory moreover is located in 80*00 15° S Near this is an island toward the east, the name of which is Menuthias; it is located 85*00 12°30 S Around this bay the Aethiopian Anthropophagi dwell, and from these toward the west are the Mountains of the Moon, from which the lakes of the Nile receive snow water; they are located at the extreme limits of the Mountains of the Moon. 57*00 12°30 S and 67*00 12°30 S Moreover, above these are the Rhapsi Aethiopians: the Aethiopian Ichthyophagi dwell in the Great Bay toward the Western Ocean, and toward the south of this to the unknown land are those who are commonly called the Western Aethiopians; toward the east are the Athaca Aethiopians; and more toward the east, adjoining the entire Libyan country is much Aethiopian land in which elephants are born entirely white, and rhinoceroses and tigers; next to the unknown land of Aethiopia is a region of wide expanse called Agisymba. This region has many high mountains near the unknown land, the majority of which are without name, but those which bear names are: Dauchis mountains, the middle of which is in 15*00 13°00 S Ion mountains, the middle of which is in 10*00 8°25 S Zipha mountains, the middle of which is in 25*00 8°25 S Mesche mountains, the middle of which is in 25*00 13°00 S Barditus mountains, the middle of which is in 45*00 6°00 S (Southwards from the inhabited land to the south pole, the geography is unknown over an expanse of 73°35 or a full 74°. The province of Pontus and Bithynia is terminated on the west by the mouth of the Pontus and by Thracia which is called the Bosphorus, and by a part of the Propontis. The seacoast is thus described: The promontory of Bithynia which is at the mouth of the Pontus, in which are: Temple of Diana 56*25 43°20 Chalcedon 56*05 43°05 Acritas promontory 56*30 42°55 Trarium 56*45a 42°45 Nicomedia 57*30 42°30 Astacus 57*20 42°30 Olbia 57*00 42°30 Posidium promontory 56*10 42°25 mouth of the Ascanius river 56*45 42°15 Ascania lake 56*45 42°00 Prusias 56*40 42°05 Apamea 56*40 41°55 Dascylium 56*35 41°55 mouth of the Rhyndacus river 56*20 41°45 river sources 57*00 40°30 On the north it is bounded by a part of the Euxine Pontus, which is thus described: after the mouth of the Pontus and the Temple of Diana, Bythinias promontory 56*45 43°20 Artane castle 57*00 43°05 mouth of the Calpas river 57*40 43°05 mouth of the Sangarius river 58*00 42°45 first bend of the river 57*30 42°00 second bend 61*20 42°00 third bend 58*45 41°00 river sources 60*50 40°50 mouth of the Hyspiusb1 river 58*40 42°45 mouth of the Elata river 58*50 43°00 Iovis oppidum [Diospolis] 58*45 43°20 Heraclea on the Pontus 59*00 43°30 Psyllium 59*30 43°30 Tium 60*00 43°30 mouth of the Parthenius river 60*15 43°30 river sources 62*30 43°30 Cromna 60*35 43°35 Cytorum 60*45 43°35 On the south it is bounded by that which properly is called the confines of Asia, along the line leading from the Rhyndacus river to the terminus which is in 61*00 41°15 On the east it is bounded by Galatia next to Paphlagonia along the line leading from the mentioned terminus near the town Cytorum on the Pontus. The most noted mountains in this region are: the Orminius, the central part of which is located in 59*40 42°40 and the Mysian Olympus mountain 57*00 41°30 The Chalcedoni occupy the seacoast from the mouth of the Pontus to the river Hyspius, the Mariandyni from Heraclea as far as the town Cytorum; beyond the mountain Orminius are the Caucones, and the Timonitis region is below the Chalcedoni, and below this the Bogdomanis region, from which toward the east is Zygiana. The following are the inland towns: Libyssa 57*15 42°45 Eriboea 57*10 42°20 Gallica 57*45 42°25 Tatavium 57*45 42°00 Prusa on the Hypius riverb3 58*30 42°35 Dedacana 59*00 42°25 Protomacra 58*45 42°00 Claudiopolis or Bithynia 59*20 42°45 Flaviopolis or Cratea 60*00 43°00 Timaea 59*45 42°20 Clitae 60*30 43°00 Laganea 60*35 42°30 Nicaea 57*00 41°55 Caesarea or Myrleana 56*40 41°40 Prusa near Mount Olympus 57*00 41°40 Agrilium 57*30 41°40 Dables 58*40 41°40 Dadastana 59*30 41°45 Juliopolis 60*10 42°00 The islands near this region are: Cyanea 56*30 43°25 Thynias and Daphnusia 57*40 43°20 Erythinus crags, islands 58*30 43°15     Asia, properly so called, is bounded on the north by Bithynia along the line we have designated; on the west by the remaining part of the Propontis and the Hellespont and by the Aegean, the Icarian, and the Myrtoum seas; a description of its seacoasts is as follows: on the Propontis Mysia Minor Hellespontica Cyzicus 56*00 41°30 mouth of the Aesepus river 56*00 41°20 mouth of the Granicus river 55*50 41°30 Parium 55*35 41°25 Lampsacus 55*20 41°25 on the Hellespont, Abydus 55*20 41°15 mouth of the Simoentus river 55*20 41°10 Dardanum 55*15 41°05 mouth of the Scamander river 55*15 41°00 Sigeum promontory on the Aegean sea 55*10 41°00 Phrygia Minor or Troas Alexandria Troas 55*25 40°40 Lectum promontory 55*25 40°25 Assus 56*00 40°15 Mysia Major Gargarum 56*10 40°20 Palaesepsis 56*15 40°30 Antandrus 56*30 40°20 Adramyttium 56*30 40°00 Poroselene 56*30 39°45 In Aeolis Cane promontory 56*15 39°30 Pitane 56*10 39°45 mouth of the Caicus river 56*30 39°35 river sources 58*30 40°30 Elaea 57*00 39°25 Myrina 57*15 39°15 Hydra promontory 57*00 39°05 Cyme 57*20 39°00 Phocaea 57*10 38°50 mouth of the Hermus river 57*30 38°45 where the Hermus and the Pactolus rivers unite 58*10 39°20 sources of the Hermus river 60*00 40°00 sources of the Pactolus river 59*00 39°00 In Ionia Smyrna 57*40 38°35 Clazomenae 57*00 38°35 Erythre 56*40 38°35 Argennum promontory on the Icarian sea 56*30 38°25 Teos 57*10 38°25 Lebedus 57*30 38°20 Colophon 57*40 38°00 mouth of the Cayster river 57*45 37°50 river sources 60*15 39°20 Ephesus 57*40 37°40 Trogilium promontory 57*10 37°40 mouth of the Maeander river 57*40 37°30 where the Lycus river unites with this 59*00 38°40 sources of the Maeander river 62*30 39°30 sources of the Lycus river 60*00 37°45 In Caria on the Myrtoum sea Pyrra 57*50 37°10 Heraclea 58*00 37°10 Miletus 58*00 37°00 Iasus 57*50 36°50 Bargylia 57*50 36°40 Myndus 57*40 36°25 In Doris Scopias promontory 57*20 36°25 Halicarnassus 57*50 36°10 Ceramus 57*00 36°00 Cnidus town and promontory 56*15 36°00 On the south it is terminated by the Rhodian sea, on which is Onugnathos promontory 56*40 35°50 Loryma 57*20 35°35 Cressa harbor 57*40 36°00 Phoenix castle 58*00 36°10 Physca 58*15 36°10 mouth of the Calbis river 58*45 36°05 Caunus 59*10 36°00 On the east is the border of Lycia, from Cannus to the terminus which is in 59*30 37°50 a On the south it is terminated by the Milyade region of Lycia which is located in 61*00 37°50 and by Pamphylia along that line leading from the indicated terminus to that which is located in 61*20 38°35 and on the east by Galatia along the line which is the boundary of Bithynia, the middle of which turns toward the east; the location of this bend is in 62*15 39°15 Very important mountains are in Asia, of which the central localities are: Ida mountain 56*00 41°00 Cillaeus mountains 56*00 40°40 Temnus mountains 57*40 40°30 western part of Dindymus 61*00 40°40 Sipylus mountains 59*00 39°10 Tmolus mountains 58*30 38°30 Mimas mountains 57*10 38°30 Mesogis mountains 58*40 38°10 Mycale mountains 58*00 37°40 Cadmus mountains 59*20 37°40 Phoenix mountains 58*00 36°20 The interior towns of Mysia Minor in Hellespontica are: Scepsis 56*30 41°00 Sacra Germa 56*15 41°15 The inland town of Phrygia Minor or Troas is Ilium 55*20 41°00 Towns in the interior of Mysia Major are: Daguta 57*30 41°20 Apollonia on the Rhyndacus river 57*00 41°15 Traianopolis 56*40 40°15 Alydda 57*30 40°15 Prepenissus 56*50 40°25 Pergamus 57*25 39°45 The Olypeni people are in the north, the Grimenothuritae in the west, whose town is Traianopolis; in the south are the Pentademitae; and the people in the middle between these are the Mysomacedones. Towns in Lydia: Perpera 57*50 40°00 Mosteni 58*00 39°55 Hierocaesarea 57*15 39°30 Nacrasa 58*20 39°30 Thyatira 58*00 39°20 Magnesia near the Sipylus 58*40 39°10 Juliogordus 59*00 39°55 Aegara 57*50 38°50 Hypaepa 58*00 38°25 Sardes 58*20 38°45 Philadelphia 59*00 38°50 Dioshieron 59*40 38°55 Metropolis 58*00 38°00 In Caria Tripolis 59*30 38°30 Laodicea on the Lycus 59*45 38°20 Antiochia on the Meander 59*10 38°30 Itoana 59*15 38°25 Trapezopolis 59*30 38°15 Nysa 59*00 38°15 Aphrodisia 59*20 38°10 Tralles 58*40 38°05 Magnesia on the Meander 58*30 38°05 Apollonia 59*25 37°55 Heraclea 59*30 37°55 Priene 58*00 37°25 Harpasa 58*25 37°35 Orthosia 59*00 37°35 Neapolis 59*25 37°35 Bargaza 58*20 37°25 Amyzon 58*15 37°10 Alabanda 58*40 37°20 Stratonice 59*00 37°10 Alinda 59*10 36°50 Badessus 58*00 36°15 Mylasa 58*20 36°30 Hydissa 58*30 36°30 Idymus 59*00 36°35 Thera 59*00 36°15 Pystus 59*00 36°25 The Erizeni a people near Phrygia. In Maeonia on the confines of Mysia, of Lydia and of Phrygia: Saittae 58*10 40°15 Dadales 58*00 40°20 Cadi 58*30 40°25 Towns of Greater Phrygia: Synnaus 58*00 41°15 Dorylaeum 58*15 41°20 Midaium 59*30 41°20 Tricomia 60*00 41°10 Ancyra 58*20 41°10 Nacolea 59*00 41°00 Tribanta 59*40 40°35 Dioclea 60*00 40°55 Amorium 60*30 41°15 Abrostola 60*30 40°50 Cotiaium 58*40 40°40 Aezani 59*00 40°20 Conna 59*15 40°30 Lysias 59*50 40°30 Cercopia 59*25 40°15 Eucarpia 60*00 40°05 Prymnesia 60*20 40°20 Docimaeum 60*15 40°30 Synnada 60*50 40°05 Gammausa 61*15 40°40 Melitara 61*30 40°20 Juliopolis 61*30 40°10 Acmonia 59*50 39°20 Eumenia 60*10 39°50 Druzon 60*20 39°55 Tiberiopolis 60*15 39°30 Bleandrus 60*30 39°10 Stectorium 61*00 39°15 Silbium 61*40 39°15 Philomelium 62*15 39°20 Pelta 61*20 39°10 Metropolis 61*15 39°25 Apamea Cibotos 61*10 38°55 Hierapolis 60*00 38°15 Cibyra 60*30 (37)°55 Diocaesarea 61*00 38°15 Sanis 61*00 38°30 Themisonium 60*10 38°10 Phylacaeum 60*20 38°20 Sala 60*15 38°20 Gazena 60*40 38°00 The peoples near Lycia are the Lycaones and the Themisoni; near Bithynia are the Moccadeni and the Cydisses; below these are the Pelteni; then the Moxiani; then the Phylacenses, below whom are the Hierapolitae. The island near Asia, and which is near the Hellespont is: Tenedos island and town 55*00 40°55 Island in the Aegean Sea Lesbos, an Aeolian island, around which are: Sigrium promontory 55*00 40°00 Eressus 55*15 39°40 Pyrrha 55*25 39°30 Malia promontory 56*00 39°25 Mytilene 55*40 39°40 Argennum promontory 55*40 39°50 Methymna 55*25 40°25 Antissa 55*15 40°10 Islands in the Icarian sea are: Icarus island 56*45 37°20 Chios island and town 56*20 38°35 Phanaea promontory 56*20 38°15 Posidium promontory 56*25 38°25 Town of Samos island 57*00 37°35 Ampelos promontory 56*30 37°30 Islands in the Myrtoum sea, and towns of Amorgus island are: Arcesine 56*00 37°00 Aegialus 56*10 36°50 Minoa 55*50 36°50 Town of Cos island 55*40 b 36°25 Town of Astypalaea island 55*40 36°25 Islands in the Rhodian and Carpathian seas: Syme island 56*40 35°40 Town of Casus island 56*30 35°15 Around the Carpathian island: Thoantium promontory 57*00 35°20 Ephialtium promontory 57*20 35°20 Posidium town 57*20 35°25 Around the Rhodian island: Panos promontory 58*00 35°55 Camiros 58*20 35°15 Lindos 58*40 36°00 Ielyssos 58*20 36°00 Lycia is terminated on the west and the north by Asia along the boundary which we have mentioned above; on the east by a part of Pamphylia along the line leading from the terminus on the confines of Asia thru the Masicytus mountains, as far as the sea in 61*50 36°30 on the south by the Lycian sea, of the coast of which the following is a description: after Cannus, Calinda 59*20 35°55 Chlyda 59*40 35°55 Carya 59*50 35°55 Daedala 60*00 35°55 Telmissus 60*10 35°55 mouth of the Xanthus river 60*20 36°00 river sources 60*00 37°40 Patara 60*30 36°00 Antiphellus 60*30 36°20 Andriaca 61*00 36°20 Aperlae 61*00 36°25 mouth of the Limyrus river 61*10 36°25 Aperroe 61*20 36°20 Sacred promontory 61*30 36°15 Olympus town 61*40 36°20 Phaselis 61*50 36°25 Cragus mountains, the location of the middle part of which is in 60*00 36°40 The inland towns in Lycia near the Cragus mountains are: Cydna 59*30 37°10 Symbra 59*40 36°50 Octapolis 59*35 36°35 Comba 59*50 36°30 Sidyma 59*50 36°40 Pinara 59*50 36°25 Araxa 59*50 36°05 Tlos 60*15 36°30 Xanthos 60*15 36°10 and near the Masicytus mountains are the towns: Corydalla 60*15 36°50 Sagalassos 60*40 36°55 Rhodia 61*00 36°45 Trebenda 61*10 37°15 Phellos 60*35 36°30 Myra 61*00 36°40 Limyra 61*05 36°35 In Mylias: Podalia 60*00 37°30 Nysa 60*00 37°15 Choma 60*20 37°20 Candyba 60*40 37°10 In the Cabalia region: Bubon 60*20 37°40 Oenoanda 61*00 37°40 Balbura 60*40 37°30 Islands adjacent to Lycia are: Megiste island 60*40 35°45 Dolchiste island 61*15 35°45 Chelidonia, 5 cliffs 61*30 36°00